Computer Science Locations

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Argentina

Historic Sites

Clementina, Pabellón I, Ciudad Universitaria. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Núñez, Buenos Aires C1428EGA. A Ferranti Mercury bought for about US$300,000 after Manuel Sadosky pushed the purchase through in 1959; it arrived on 24 November 1960 and ran from January 1961 in eighteen metres of cabinets at the Instituto de Cálculo of the Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cecilia Berdichevsky was among its first programmers, and Wilfred Durán with four students wrote COMIC, the first Argentine programming language, for it. On 29 July 1966 the police cleared the faculty in the raid known as the Noche de los Bastones Largos; Sadosky and much of the group went into exile, and the machine was dismantled in mid-1971. See Latin America’s Tech Industry and SADIO Argentina. Status: active university building, not a museum. Coordinates: ≈-34.5455, -58.4394.

CEUNS, Universidad Nacional del Sur. Avenida Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca. Jorge Santos, a professor at the university since 1956, spent 1959 and 1960 in Manchester studying the logic design of digital computers alongside Tom Kilburn’s group, and on his return started a “Seminario de Computadoras” that grew into the CEUNS, the Computadora Electrónica de la Universidad Nacional del Sur. The province approved a subsidy in October 1960, construction of the transistorised machine began in 1961 with help from the University of Buenos Aires, and in October 1962 it was partly put into operation in a new laboratory on Avenida Alem; a teleprinter link sent problems on tape to the Instituto de Cálculo in Buenos Aires and brought the results back. Work stalled in 1965 for lack of money and the project was cancelled in 1967, unfinished. Santos was dismissed by the military government in 1976 and died in Bahía Blanca on 20 March 2025. Status: the building at Alem 1253 houses the university’s electrical and computer engineering department today; the sources name only Avenida Alem for the 1962 laboratory, so the pin is approximate. The memory drum survives at Espacio TEC (see below). Coordinates: ≈-38.7014, -62.2694.

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Manzana de las Luces. Perú 222, Monserrat, Buenos Aires C1067AAF. In 1966 the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires, whose Instituto de Cálculo ran Clementina, still had its main seat in this building by the architect Pedro Coni, dating from 1911, in the colonial block of the Manzana de las Luces. On the night of 29 July 1966, a month after the coup that brought Juan Carlos Onganía to power and on the day his decree ended university autonomy, the Federal Police stormed the faculty and beat students and staff out of it; more than 150 people were arrested. Manuel Sadosky was vice-dean at the time. The rector, Hilario Fernández Long, resigned in protest, and nine deans resigned with him. The building was largely demolished in 1971; part of its outer wall on Calle Perú, between numbers 222 and 272, survives, and in 2023 the Ministry of Culture ran a competition for artworks on the Noche de los Bastones Largos to fill seven niches in that wall. Status: the Manzana de las Luces is a public cultural complex. Coordinates: -34.6107, -58.3748.

Museums

Espacio TEC. Thompson 665, Bahía Blanca. A museum run by the Asociación Civil Unión 20 de Agosto that grew out of an electronic-waste recycling project: machines of historical value were set aside instead of scrapped, and collectors added computers and consoles. Almost everything on display can be switched on and used. It keeps the memory drum of the CEUNS together with photographs of the project. In April 2025 the ICATEC Foundation donated to it the collection of the Museo de Informática de la República Argentina, which Carlos Chiodini and Alicia Murchio had built up from their private collection, run as a foundation from 2010 and shown at Marcelo T. de Alvear 740 in Buenos Aires from August 2013 until it closed its doors in 2022, after the pandemic; La Nueva put the transfer at about 48,000 objects. Status: open Saturdays and Sundays, 16:00 to 19:00; group visits by arrangement. Coordinates: -38.7293, -62.2656. Web: espaciotec.com.ar.

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Australia

Historic Sites

Madsen Building (Radiophysics Laboratory), University of Sydney. Fisher Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006. Built between 1939 and 1944 for the National Standards Laboratory and wartime radar work, the building housed CSIRO’s Division of Radiophysics, where Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard assembled CSIRAC. It ran its first test program in November 1949 and was demonstrated publicly in 1951, which makes it Australia’s first digital computer and, in 1950 or 1951, the first machine anywhere to play music (see Fun Fact: The First Computer Music). The machine went to the University of Melbourne in 1955 and was shut down in 1964. The division moved to Marsfield in the 1960s. See Australia’s Tech Industry. Status: active university building, named after J. P. V. Madsen. Coordinates: -33.8887, 151.1894.

Royal Exhibition Building. 9 Nicholson Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053. Built for the Melbourne International Exhibition, which opened here on 1 October 1880. The census of April 1921 was the first in Australia to be tabulated with Hollerith punched-card machines; earlier counts had been done by hand. According to Graham Farr’s computing-history tour of Melbourne, the processing ran in the north-east and north-west galleries of this building, with nearly 300 people doing the work. See Herman Hollerith and the Punched Card. Status: exhibition hall run by Museums Victoria; on 1 July 2004 it became the first Australian building on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Coordinates: -37.8047, 144.9715.

SILLIAC, Physics Building, University of Sydney. Physics Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006. Harry Messel, head of the School of Physics from 1952, talked the businessman Adolph Basser into giving AU£50,000 of the AU£75,000 that SILLIAC cost, a copy of the University of Illinois ILLIAC built under a contract with Standard Telephones and Cables from July 1954. The PhD student Bob May ran the first scientific calculation in June 1956, and the machine was opened on 12 September 1956 in the Adolph Basser Computing Laboratory, Room 226, next to the building’s main entrance; the basement room below held the air-conditioning plant. SILLIAC was switched off on 17 May 1968. Only fragments survive, some of them shown at the university’s Chau Chak Wing Museum, which opened in November 2020. See Australia’s Tech Industry. Status: active university building. Coordinates: -33.8882, 151.1871.

CSIRAC, Natural Philosophy Building (Biosciences 3), University of Melbourne. Building 143, Parkville campus, south of Union House. After its move from Sydney in 1955, CSIRAC went into a new Computation Laboratory in the School of Natural Philosophy Building, run jointly by the mathematics department under Tom Cherry and the physics department under Leslie Martin. It was switched on again on 14 June 1956 in a large ground-floor room in the north-west of the building, cooled by air drawn from the one-metre space under the floor. Australia’s first computer-based weather forecast was run on it in 1956. It executed its last program on 24 November 1964. Not to be confused with the Old Physics building next door (Building 128). Status: active university building, now Biosciences 3, home of the university herbarium. Coordinates: -37.7972, 144.9602.

CSIRO Radiophysics Laboratory. 26 Pembroke Road, Marsfield, New South Wales 2122. The Radiophysics Division moved here from the University of Sydney grounds when the laboratory opened in 1968. In the early 1990s a team of John O’Sullivan, Terry Percival, Diet Ostry, Graham Daniels and John Deane worked out at this site how to send fast data by radio indoors, where reflections smear the signal, borrowing Fourier-transform techniques from radio astronomy. CSIRO applied for an Australian patent in 1992; US patent 5,487,069 was published on 23 January 1996. When 802.11 equipment reached the market, CSIRO pursued the chip and device makers; by its own count the patent has brought in around A$430 million in licence fees and settlements. See Australia’s Tech Industry. Status: working CSIRO site and Sydney headquarters of the Australia Telescope National Facility, not open to the public. Coordinates: -33.7736, 151.0976.

Peter Hall Building (formerly Richard Berry Building), University of Melbourne. Building 160, Parkville campus, near the corner of Swanston Street and Monash Road. On the night of 23 June 1989 (22 June in Hawaii) Robert Elz opened a permanent TCP/IP link over a satellite circuit between the University of Melbourne and the University of Hawaii, Australia’s first permanent Internet connection and the international feed for the new AARNet. The router, a Proteon P4100, stood in the machine room near the east end of the ground floor, and for a time all Internet traffic between Australia and the rest of the world passed through it. In December 2016 the university took Richard Berry’s name off the building because of his eugenics work and renamed it after the statistician Peter Hall. See Australia’s Tech Industry. Status: active university building, home of mathematics and statistics. Coordinates: -37.7981, 144.9637.

Museums

Scienceworks. 2 Booker Street, Spotswood, Victoria 3015. The Museums Victoria science and technology site, open since 27 March 1992. CSIRAC has been here since 2018, in the Think Ahead gallery, after decades in storage and a spell on show at the Caulfield Institute from 1980 to 1992. It is the oldest surviving first-generation electronic computer; the Z4 is older but electromechanical. Coordinates: -37.8314, 144.8939. Web: museumsvictoria.com.au/scienceworks.

Australian Computer Museum Society. 9 West Street, Croydon, New South Wales. A volunteer-run not-for-profit founded in 1994, holding one of Australia’s larger collections of historic hardware and running exhibitions and oral-history projects. See ACS: Australian Computer Society. Coordinates: ≈-33.8743, 151.1258. Web: acms.org.au.

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Austria

Historic Sites

Mathematical Institute, University of Vienna. Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna. From 1924 to 1936 the Vienna Circle met every second Thursday evening in a ground-floor seminar room here, Moritz Schlick’s invitation-only discussion group of twelve to twenty people. Kurt Gödel, a mathematics student who had entered the university in 1924, was its youngest and quietest member. The building now houses the university’s Faculty of Physics, and the seminar room is a spintronics lab. See Gödel and the Incompleteness Theorems. Status: active university building. Coordinates: 48.2217, 16.3557.

Gödel’s apartment, Josefstädter Straße. Josefstädter Straße 43–45, 1080 Vienna. Gödel lived here from 1930 to 1937, the years in which he published the incompleteness theorems. The district unveiled a plaque on 23 February 2007 which states, with no hedging, that he discovered “the most important mathematical discovery of the twentieth century” in this house. It is one of seven Vienna addresses of Gödel’s that carry a plaque. Status: residential building, plaque on the façade. Coordinates: 48.2098, 16.3472.

Old Electrotechnical Institute, TU Wien. Gußhausstraße 25, 1040 Vienna. The Institut für Niederfrequenztechnik of the Technische Hochschule Wien, where Heinz Zemanek worked as an assistant and built the Mailüfterl with a team of students, from 1955 until its presentation in May 1958. On 27 May 1958 the machine computed its first large job there: the next prime above a ten-digit number, in 66 minutes. The machine left for IBM in 1961 and is now in the Technisches Museum Wien (below). Status: TU Wien building (Campus Gußhaus, “Altes EI”). Coordinates: 48.1967, 16.3704.

IBM Laboratory Vienna. Parkring, 1010 Vienna. Founded in 1961 when IBM hired Zemanek’s university group as a body, first as a project of the IBM laboratory in Böblingen, independent from 1964. It sat on the fourth floor of an insurance building on the Ring. Here Peter Lucas, Kurt Walk, Hans Bekić and colleagues wrote the formal definition of PL/I in what outsiders called the Vienna Definition Language, and Cliff Jones, Dines Bjørner and others developed the Vienna Development Method. The lab grew to about 120 employees after 1975 and closed in 1994, its work moved to other IBM sites. See Heinz Zemanek and the Mailüfterl. Status: laboratory closed; the pin marks the Parkring, not a verified house number. Coordinates: ≈48.2055, 16.3778.

Museums

Technisches Museum Wien. Mariahilfer Straße 212, 1140 Vienna. The cornerstone was laid in 1909, the building finished in 1913, and the museum opened in 1918 after the war delayed it. It holds the Mailüfterl, which Heinz Zemanek and his team built at the Technische Hochschule Wien from 1955 and presented in May 1958: about 3,000 transistors and 5,000 diodes, one of the first fully transistorised computers in Europe. Zemanek named it after the light Viennese May breeze, with the argument that a machine which cannot match the American models called Whirlwind and Typhoon will do as a Mailüfterl. It was decommissioned in 1966, went to the museum on loan from IBM in 1973, and was given outright in 2024. See IFIP: The International Federation. Coordinates: 48.1909, 16.3180. Web: technischesmuseum.at.

Ars Electronica Center. Ars-Electronica-Straße 1, 4020 Linz. The Ars Electronica festival started in September 1979, founded by Hannes Leopoldseder, Hubert Bognermayr, Herbert W. Franke and Ulrich Rützel. The Prix Ars Electronica followed in 1987 with computer animation as its first category, and the center, a permanent exhibition space for digital art and technology, opened in 1996. It reopened on 2 January 2009 in its remodeled building on the Danube after about two years of work and some €30 million. See Computer Art and Generative Art. Coordinates: 48.3096, 14.2845. Web: ars.electronica.art.

1. Österreichisches Computermuseum. Wildendürnbach 197, 2164 Wildendürnbach, Lower Austria. A private collection that Erich Zieger started in Poysdorf in 1996, later ran as a 600 m² exhibition in Bad Pirawarth, and has kept in an attic in Wildendürnbach since 2021. Zieger counts about 1,200 machines from calculating machines to laptops, all of them, he says, in working order, on 400 m²; his claim that it is the third-largest computer museum in the world is his own. Open daily in the afternoon; groups register in advance. Coordinates: ≈48.7719, 16.4865.

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Belgium

Historic Sites

Den Bell (Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company), Antwerp. Francis Wellesplein 1, 2018 Antwerpen. The International Bell Telephone Company opened its Antwerp factory in 1882, and the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company grew into a large works on this site; the 58-metre office tower by Hugo Van Kuyck was completed around 1953. From 1951 the company designed and built Belgium’s first stored-program computer here, the Machine Mathématique IRSIA-FNRS, paid for by the two national research funds IRSIA and FNRS after a 1947 study mission to the United States led by Charles Manneback. The vacuum-tube machine kept programs and data on separate drums and had a floating-point unit; a 17-rack prototype ran first, and in 1957 the full 34-rack machine was moved from Antwerp to Brussels, where Vitold Belevitch ran it for the government’s computing centre. Its documentation is archived by the NAM-IP museum, and a software simulator was presented at FOSDEM in 2026. Status: the company left in 2006; the complex has been protected heritage since 2019 and since 2009 houses the administration of the City of Antwerp. Coordinates: 51.2052, 4.3994.

Premonstreit College, Leuven. Naamsestraat 61, 3000 Leuven. The cosmologist Georges Lemaître, who proposed the expanding universe, had his office in this former abbey college from the mid-1930s. In 1958 he saw a Burroughs E101 desk computer at the Brussels World’s Fair, had the university buy it for its laboratory of astronomy and geodesy, and got his students to carry it up to the attic of the college, which became the university’s first computing centre; Rector Honoré Van Waeyenbergh blessed the machine. A photograph from May 1959 shows Lemaître and Andrée Bartholomé at its keyboard. The E101 itself survives at UCLouvain in Louvain-la-Neuve, with Lemaître’s archives. Status: the building has been protected heritage since 2009 and houses student services of the Faculty of Economics; a plaque and bust of Lemaître stand in the courtyard. Coordinates: 50.8756, 4.7012.

Arenberg Castle, Heverlee. Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, 3001 Leuven. Between 1995 and 1998 Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen designed the block cipher Rijndael out of their doctoral work at KU Leuven, Rijmen in the COSIC group of the electrical engineering department. NIST picked it in October 2000 from fifteen candidates, and in 2001 it became the Advanced Encryption Standard, now built into most processors and used by TLS, IPsec and WPA3. See Cryptography: The Secret Science. IEEE Milestone No. 290 was dedicated on 18 November 2025. Status: the castle houses offices of KU Leuven’s Faculty of Applied Sciences; the plaque is on an outside wall of the courtyard, open to the public during the day. Coordinates: 50.8633, 4.6836.

Flanders Language Valley, Ieper. Ieper Business Park (formerly Flanders Language Valley), Ieper. Jo Lernout and Pol Hauspie founded Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products in 1987 in Ypres and built a business park around it, modelled on Silicon Valley, with a seven-storey headquarters tower; Prince Philippe opened it in November 1999. L&H bought Dragon Systems and Dictaphone, Microsoft invested $45 million, and at its peak the company was worth almost $10 billion on NASDAQ. On 8 August 2000 The Wall Street Journal reported fictitious sales in South Korea; the company went bankrupt in October 2001, ScanSoft (later Nuance) bought its speech technology, and in September 2010 the Ghent Court of Appeals sentenced the founders to five years for fraud, three of them to be served. See Ray Kurzweil and Speech Recognition. Status: the park has other tenants, among them the local police; the L&H tower stands empty. Coordinates: ≈50.8692, 2.8928.

Museums

Computer Museum NAM-IP. Rue Henri Blès 192A, 5000 Namur. Belgium’s first museum of computing, opened on 27 October 2016 in a former 1,200 m² sports hall of the Institut Saint-Aubain in Salzinnes. Four private collections were pooled in 2012 and became a fund of the King Baudouin Foundation in 2013, which is what the museum shows: about a thousand objects, among them one of the surviving examples of Hollerith’s 1888 tabulating machine, punch-card installations that ran Belgian pensions for fifty years, and the country’s first Bancontact cash machine. Status: open Tuesday to Saturday from April to October, weekdays from November to March; paid admission. Coordinates: 50.4628, 4.8355. Web: nam-ip.be.

Mundaneum. Rue de Nimy 76, 7000 Mons. Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine started the Universal Bibliographic Repertory in Brussels in 1895: a catalogue of everything published, on standard index cards, filed by the Universal Decimal Classification they developed for it. It grew past 12 million cards. In 1920 it moved with their other collections into about a hundred rooms of the Palais du Cinquantenaire as the Palais Mondial, or Mundaneum; the government closed it in 1934, the year Otlet published his Traité de documentation, in which he imagined people consulting the whole collection from their own homes. Otlet died in 1944. The collections came to Mons in 1993, into a 1930s Art Deco department store, and the museum opened in 1998 with a scenography by the comic artists François Schuiten and Benoît Peeters; UNESCO added the Repertory to its Memory of the World register in 2013. See Vannevar Bush and the Memex and Ted Nelson and Hypertext. Status: archive centre with a permanent exhibition and temporary shows; paid admission. Coordinates: 50.4576, 3.9556. Web: mundaneum.org.

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Brazil

Historic Sites

Patinho Feio, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Professor Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, 380, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-010. The Digital Systems Laboratory of USP’s engineering school built the Patinho Feio (“Ugly Duckling”) between 1971 and 1972: eight-bit, 8 KB of memory, a two-microsecond instruction cycle, assembled by a class of eighteen graduate students after Glen Langdon Jr., an American professor who had worked at IBM Brazil, proposed the project. It was presented on 24 July 1972 in front of the state governor and the university rector, and never ran during the ceremony, because a photographer had pulled its plug. The design led to the G-10 for the Brazilian Navy and from there to the MC 500, the first commercial Brazilian computer, sold by the state company Cobra from 1974. See SBC Brazil and Latin America’s Tech Industry. Status: the machine is kept at the Escola Politécnica; there are no published visiting hours. Coordinates: ≈-23.5586, -46.7309.

Burroughs B-205, Edifício Cardeal Leme, PUC-Rio. Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900. A consortium of federal bodies that included the National Research Council (CNPq) bought a Burroughs Datatron B-205 for the Pontifical Catholic University for about a million dollars. It was flown from California in a chartered Pan Am DC-6 and driven from Galeão airport on an open army truck behind a motorcycle escort. It went into a 150 m² room on the ground floor of what was then the university’s only building, opening onto the colonnade of pilotis; that building, inaugurated on 17 July 1955, has been called the Edifício Cardeal Leme since 1968. The machine had about 1,600 double triodes and a memory of 4,000 ten-digit words. At the inauguration on 13 June 1960, attended by President Juscelino Kubitschek and Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini (Pope Paul VI three years later), guests picked a year between 1889 and 1960 and the computer named the event; Kubitschek chose 1960 and it answered “Inauguration of Brasília”. It was the first computer to work at a Brazilian university. A B-200 joined it in 1965; the B-205 was still there in 1966 and then disappeared, reportedly cannibalised for spare parts. The data centre around it led to PUC-Rio’s Department of Informatics in 1965. Status: active university building; no part of the machine is known to survive. Coordinates: -22.9801, -43.2330.

Zezinho, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica. Alameda do ITA, DCTA, São José dos Campos. The first computer designed and built in Brazil was the 1961 graduation project of four ITA electronics students, Alfred Volkmer, András Gyorgy Vásárhelyi, Fernando Vieira de Souza and José Ellis Ripper Filho, supervised by Professor Tien Wei Chu. It had eight memory positions of eight bits, each bit a transistor flip-flop with a small lamp showing its state, set by touching solder points on a Bakelite panel with a grounded metal stylus, and it first ran from batteries; Valdemar Setzer built it a regulated power supply in 1963. Pesquisa FAPESP calls it a teaching machine that in practice did no computing work. Later students cannibalised it for their own experiments. Status: the ITA campus lies inside the DCTA, the Air Force’s aerospace science command; the sources do not name the building, so the pin marks the institute. Fragments of the machine were on display at the Memorial Aeroespacial Brasileiro, next to the DCTA, in 2019. Coordinates: ≈-23.2102, -45.8765.

Museums

Museu do Computador. Avenida Rudge 315, São Paulo 01133-000. José Carlos Valli, a computer-trade businessman, founded it in 1998 after a visit to the COMDEX fair at the Anhembi convention centre. It first opened to the public in 2005 in a 2,000 m² space in Interlagos, drew about 10,000 visitors in three years and closed in 2008 for lack of money; a smaller exhibition followed in Santa Ifigênia in 2010, while most of the collection went into storage. On 16 August 2022 it reopened on the premises of Faculdade Impacta. The national museum register counts about 25,000 items, including a ferrite core memory from 1950, a 1959 mainframe, a wooden mouse from 1962, an Osborne 1 and the Brazilian TK 85 and CP 500 microcomputers. Status: visits by prior booking; the register lists Saturdays, 9:00 to 17:00, admission charged. Coordinates: -23.5248, -46.6499. Web: museudocomputador.org.br.

Museu de Computação Professor Odelar Leite Linhares, ICMC-USP. Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos 13566-590. Odelar Leite Linhares, a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Statistics, started a Museum of Numerical Calculation Instruments after HP’s pocket calculators of 1972 made slide rules and mechanical calculators obsolete, and collected them by appeal to the public. It sat in the institute’s library at first, took in obsolete computers later, and in the 2000s became the Museum of Computing, named after him. Its present rooms, 4002 and 4004 on the ground floor of block 4 (70 m²), opened on 10 June 2014. Among the pieces is an NCR accounting machine from 1928. Status: open Monday to Friday 8:00 to 19:00, Saturday 8:00 to 12:00. Coordinates: ≈-22.0075, -47.8953. Web: mc.icmc.usp.br.

Museu da Computação da UFRJ. Instituto Tércio Pacitti (NCE), Rua Antônio Barros de Castro 119, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853. The university’s computing centre, the Núcleo de Computação Eletrônica, designed hardware in the years of Brazil’s market reserve, and most of the collection is its own work: the floating-point processor of 1973 that sped up FORTRAN, its first hardware project; an intelligent terminal of 1974 built on the Intel 8008; the TB-110 video terminal of 1975 and 1976, sold by Embracomp. The museum first opened in 2017 and reopened after a CNPq-funded rebuild on 17 June 2026. Status: part of a working research institute; the sources give no public hours. Coordinates: ≈-22.8576, -43.2325. Web: museucomputacao.github.io.

Museu Capixaba do Computador. Rua Abiail do Amaral Carneiro 41, Edifício Palácio Enseada, 5th floor, Enseada do Suá, Vitória 29050-535. A collection of computers and video games that its founders started around 2000; after ten years without a building they gave it to an educational institution in 2010, got it back during the pandemic, and opened the museum in space that institution lent them in 2022. The national register counts about 800 items. Status: open Monday to Friday 9:00 to 17:30, free; guided visits by booking. Coordinates: ≈-20.3149, -40.2939. Web: museucapixaba.com.br.

Museu de Informática e Computação, UFG. Instituto de Informática, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia. The Federal University of Goiás started the museum in 2017 as the “Museu do INF”, with old equipment and the punched cards, tapes and disks that fed it; a travelling version followed in 2018 and a video-game section in 2022. Status: Monday to Friday 7:30 to 16:00 by appointment, free. Coordinates: -16.6035, -49.2665. Web: mc.ufg.br.

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Canada

Historic Sites

Sandford Fleming Building, University of Toronto. 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4. The building went up in 1907 as the university’s physics laboratory and took its present name in 1967, when physics moved to the McLennan Physical Laboratories. The university’s Computation Centre built UTEC here, a Williams-tube prototype that its team, including Beatrice Worsley, Josef Kates, Perham Stanley and Alf Ratz, declared fully operational on 1 October 1951. When money for a full-scale successor appeared, the university bought a surplus Ferranti Mark I instead: it arrived on 30 April 1952, was installed in the then new Burton Wing, and Worsley named it Ferut. It was semi-operational by September 1952 and did the civil-engineering calculations for the Saint Lawrence Seaway. An IBM 650 replaced it in 1958 and Ferut went to the National Research Council in Ottawa. See CIPS Canada. Status: active university building; no marker commemorates either machine. Coordinates: 43.6602, -79.3952.

Electrical Building, Canadian National Exhibition. Exhibition Place, Toronto. From 25 August to 9 September 1950 visitors to the Rogers Majestic exhibit in the CNE’s Electrical Building could play tic-tac-toe against Bertie the Brain, a machine four metres tall that Josef Kates had built in Leaside to show off his Additron, a miniature vacuum tube. Players entered moves on an illuminated keypad and Bertie answered on a grid of nine lit squares. When the exhibition ended the machine was taken apart. Kates went on to the UTEC team at the University of Toronto and said later: “I wish Bertie the Brain and UTEC had been preserved.” Status: the sources name only the Electrical Building, so the pin marks the exhibition grounds. Coordinates: ≈43.6335, -79.4177.

Mathematics and Computer Building, University of Waterloo. 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1. The building opened officially in May 1968 with the Red Room at its centre, a two-storey machine room with glass walls through which students watched the university’s IBM System/360 Model 75, then called the largest computer in Canada. Don Cowan later explained how it was paid for: Ontario’s cost-sharing rules covered buildings and their furniture, so the computer was classed as furniture, “a $5,000,000 building with $8,000,000 of furniture.” Paul Cress and Paul Dirksen’s WATFOR compiler compiled and ran a 45-card student job in under ten seconds, and the two won the ACM’s Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1972. The Red Room served as the campus computer centre until 1999. Status: active university building; the 360/75 console is at the university’s Computer Museum (see below). Coordinates: 43.4721, -80.5439.

Bell-Northern Research and Nortel, Carling Campus. 3500 Carling Avenue, Ottawa (today 60 Moodie Drive). Bell Canada and Northern Electric merged their research groups into Bell-Northern Research in 1971, headquartered here; it started with 42 engineers and had 800 staff five years later. As Northern Telecom’s and then Nortel’s main research site the campus grew to eleven buildings and at its peak about 10,000 employees. Nortel filed for bankruptcy protection on 14 January 2009; its research divisions were sold to Avaya, Ciena, Ericsson and Genband, and in December 2010 the federal government bought the empty campus for CA$208 million. See CIPS Canada. Status: since January 2017 the headquarters of the Department of National Defence, closed to the public. Coordinates: 45.3504, -75.8510.

Research In Motion’s first office. 55 Erb Street East, Waterloo, Ontario. Mike Lazaridis and Doug Fregin incorporated Research In Motion on 7 March 1984 and started in three rooms above a bagel shop at this address. They could not afford desks, so they bought scratched surplus doors at Canadian Tire, painted them and set them on folding metal legs. The company’s first products were wireless data systems for point-of-sale terminals and pagers; the BlackBerry name arrived with the 850 in 1999. See Dead End: BlackBerry. Status: the address is a commercial building, Spurline Crossing; no marker. Coordinates: 43.4652, -80.5186.

McConnell Engineering Building, McGill University. 3480 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7. McGill’s School of Computer Science moved into the building in 1988. Alan Emtage, a graduate student working as the school’s systems administrator, was tired of searching anonymous FTP servers by hand for software, and wrote a program that fetched their file listings and made the names searchable. Bill Heelan and Peter Deutsch joined him, and Archie (from “archive” without the v, not the comic) was released on 10 September 1990. It indexed only file names, not contents, and is usually counted as the first Internet search engine. See The Search Engine Wars. Status: active university building; the School still uses it along with the Trottier Building. Coordinates: 45.5060, -73.5762.

IEEE Milestone: First Geographic Information System. 50 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario. Roger Tomlinson built the Canada Geographic Information System for the Canada Land Inventory at the Department of Forestry and Rural Development between 1963 and 1968, storing map layers on a mainframe and computing their overlays, and coined the term “geographic information system” in a 1968 paper. The department’s building no longer exists and its location is not recorded, so when IEEE dedicated Milestone No. 237 on 11 August 2023 the plaque went up in front of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, which had made Tomlinson an honorary fellow and awarded him its Gold Medal. See Digital Maps and GIS. Status: plaque outdoors, freely accessible. Coordinates: 45.4422, -75.6957.

Museums

Canada Science and Technology Museum. 1867 St. Laurent Boulevard, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5A3. Opened on 16 November 1967 and reopened on 17 November 2017 after a three-year rebuild. Its computing holdings include the DRTE Computer, a transistorised machine built by the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment and given to the museum in 1968. Coordinates: 45.4035, -75.6189. Web: ingeniumcanada.org.

Computer Museum, University of Waterloo. Davis Centre, Room DC 1316, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1. Founded in 2010 to collect the history of computing at the university since 1957 and in the surrounding region, it has catalogued more than 5,000 objects, the oldest a cylindrical slide rule from 1887. Exhibits line the Davis Centre corridors (video games, Macintosh, hardware), and room DC 1316 holds the Oxford English Dictionary exhibit and the IBM System/360 Model 75 console from the Red Room. Status: free, open Monday and Wednesday to Friday 9:00 to 16:30, Tuesday 13:00 to 16:30; open houses each term. Coordinates: 43.4722, -80.5411. Web: uwaterloo.ca/computer-museum.

York University Computer Museum (YUCoM). Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3. York’s Department of Computer Science and Engineering founded it in December 2002, with Zbigniew Stachniak as curator, as a collection of and research centre for the Canadian computer industry. Its core is the Micro Computer Machines collection: Mers Kutt’s MCM/70, built in 1973 and shipped from autumn 1974, among the first personal computers, together with its first prototype and the later MCM/800 and MCM/900. It also keeps a DATAR archive and machines such as the CEMCorp ICON school computer and the Nortel Europa phone, and publishes an MCM/70 emulator. Status: no permanent public gallery or published opening hours; the museum stages exhibitions such as “Computing at York: the Beginning” in the Scott Library (from 12 March 2026) and gives tours on request. Coordinates: ≈43.7739, -79.5052. Web: museum.eecs.yorku.ca.

Personal Computer Museum (closed). 13 Alma Street, Brantford, Ontario, N3R 2G1. It opened in September 2005 in a former city building, with more than forty-five interactive machines from Apple, Atari, Commodore and IBM that visitors could switch on and use. It closed after the death of its founder and curator Syd Bolton on 11 June 2018; the collection went to the University of Toronto Mississauga Library in October 2020 as the Syd Bolton Collection. Coordinates: 43.1578, -80.2652.

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Chile

Historic Sites

IBM 1401, Edificio de Aduanas. Plaza Sotomayor 60, Valparaíso. The first digital computer in Chile came off the steamer Imperial at Valparaíso in December 1961, leased from IBM by the Superintendencia de Aduanas: an IBM 1401 with 4K of memory, a 1402 card reader-punch and a 1403 printer. The customs service needed faster trade statistics because Chile had joined the Latin American Free Trade Association under the Treaty of Montevideo, promulgated on 2 May 1961. About sixty employees sat IBM’s aptitude test; René Cabezas, 26, and Leopoldo Valdivia, 27, were picked as the country’s first programmers, wrote the import statistics system in SPS assembler on coding sheets and tested it at IBM Argentina in Buenos Aires in August 1961. The machine went into the first floor of the customs building, which was declared part of the customs zone so the lease would not attract import duty, and began work on 13 March 1962. It cleared a two-year backlog of statistics. Arthur K. Watson of IBM flew in on 15 January 1962 to mark the installation. Staff remembered processor crashes that seemed to coincide with the cranes in the nearby port. The art deco building, designed by Fernando Silva and begun in 1936, faces the plaza at the corner of Avenida Errázuriz. Status: headquarters of Chile’s National Customs Service, not open as a museum. Coordinates: -33.0377, -71.6280.

Lorenzo, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas. Beauchef 850, Santiago. The Universidad de Chile set up its Centro de Computación under the engineer Santiago Friedmann on 17 August 1961 to receive a computer, and in 1962 it installed an ER-56 from Standard Elektrik Lorenz of Stuttgart, the first computer in Chile for scientific and engineering work. Students shortened the maker’s name to “Lorenzo”. It weighed over eight tonnes, read its programs from punched paper tape and held 3,000 words of seven digits; installation took three months. At a press conference in January 1963 journalists were invited to “interview” the machine, and El Mercurio ran the headline that the electronic brain “thinks and memorizes”. Status: active faculty campus; the sources do not say whether any part of the machine survives. Coordinates: ≈-33.4577, -70.6623.

Cybersyn Opsroom, CORFO headquarters. Moneda 921, Santiago. Between 1971 and 1973 Stafford Beer and a Chilean team built Project Cybersyn for Salvador Allende’s government, and its hexagonal control room, the Opsroom, designed by a team under Gui Bonsiepe with seven swivel chairs, wall screens and control buttons in the armrests, occupied a room on the eighth floor of the building of CORFO, the state development agency. The system was used during the lorry drivers’ strike of October 1972 to route the vehicles that were still running. In early September 1973 the order came to move the Opsroom into the presidential palace and a room there was measured on 10 September; the palace was bombed the next morning. Soldiers destroyed the room after the coup. A working reconstruction was built for the exhibition How to Design a Revolution at the Centro Cultural La Moneda (-33.4435, -70.6536), a few hundred metres from the palace. See Project Cybersyn: Chile’s Cybernetic Dream. Status: active government office building, nothing marks the room. Coordinates: -33.4417, -70.6495.

First Chilean IP packet, Centro de Computación. Blanco Encalada 2120, second floor, Santiago. Chilean academic email had started with UUCP over 300 bit/s modems between the computer science departments of the Universidad de Chile and the Universidad de Santiago. Early in 1992 a team at the faculty’s computing centre, with José Miguel Piquer of the computer science department, the director Florencio Utreras, the engineer Waldo Maldonado and Alberto Cabezas on communications, brought up a 64 kbit/s satellite link to Maryland and sent a ping to the United States. The reply came back in 0.6 seconds. Piquer’s own summary of the moment: “¡Transmitiendo el primer paquete IP del Internet chileno!” The .cl domain had been registered in 1987; Piquer later founded NIC Chile, which runs it. Status: university building, nothing marks the room. Coordinates: -33.4574, -70.6644.

Museums

Museo del Departamento de Ciencia de la Computación, Pontificia Universidad Católica. Campus San Joaquín, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago. Miguel Nussbaum, professor of computer science, started the collection in 2006 after visiting the institute of electrical engineering at the EPFL in Lausanne while doing his doctorate in Switzerland. By 2015 it had more than 50 objects in display cases in the Faculty of Engineering, among them an electrical network simulator used by the power company ENDESA in the 1950s and 1960s, a memory unit and an IBM console from the early 1960s, an early Apple Macintosh, Atari machines and a large slide rule used until the mid-1970s. The department itself grew out of CECICO, the university’s computing centre founded in 1970. Status: departmental display cases; the sources give no public hours, and the pin marks the campus. Coordinates: ≈-33.4988, -70.6107.

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China

Historic Sites

Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zhongguancun South Third Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100190 (postal address 6 Kexueyuan South Road). The State Council approved the preparatory committee on 25 August 1956, making this China’s first institute dedicated to computer research; it moved to Zhongguancun in February 1958. The Model 103, China’s first general-purpose electronic digital computer, was first debugged here in August 1958. The Model 119 followed in 1964 and was used in the work leading to China’s first nuclear test; the Model 111 of 1972 was the first Chinese computer built entirely from domestically produced integrated circuits. Lenovo, Dawning, Loongson and Cambricon all began as spin-offs. Lenovo, first called Legend, was set up on 1 November 1984 by eleven engineers from the institute with 200,000 yuan lent by the academy; its founders held their first meetings in a small guardhouse on the grounds. See China’s Tech Industry. Status: active research institute, not a museum. Coordinates: 39.9806, 116.3205.

Lakeside Gardens (Hupan Huayuan), Hangzhou. Hupan Huayuan residential estate, Wenxin subdistrict, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Jack Ma lived in a flat here, and on 21 February 1999 he gathered his friends, colleagues and former China Pages staff in it for the meeting that started Alibaba. The first eighteen employees worked out of the apartment, some in coats because it was damp and unheated. Alibaba kept the flat, later sent small product teams back to it to work on new projects, and named its Hupan entrepreneurship school after the estate. Status: private apartment in a residential compound; there is nothing to visit. Coordinates: ≈30.2916, 120.0967.

Huaqiangbei, Shenzhen. Huaqiang North Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong. In September 1979 Guangdong moved three military factories from the mountains of the province’s north to the new Shenzhen special economic zone; one of them, renamed Huaqiang, gave the district its name, and electronics assembly plants followed in the early 1980s. In the late 1980s the Shenzhen Electronics Group (SEG), formed from more than a hundred merged enterprises, opened a component market modelled on Tokyo’s Akihabara, where goods could be sold without the purchase approval documents that the planned economy otherwise required. The street grew into what is often called the largest electronics market in the world, the parts supply behind Shenzhen’s hardware industry. See China’s Tech Industry. Status: active markets; the SEG Plaza tower stands at the southern end. Coordinates: 22.5440, 114.0823.

Museums

China Teachers Museum, Qufu Normal University. 57 Jingxuan West Road, Qufu, Shandong. The museum holds DJS-1 (Model 103) serial number 14, built by Beijing’s Factory 738 in July 1964 and delivered to Fudan University in Shanghai. When Fudan’s own 719 computer entered service in the early 1970s, the university gave the 103 to Qufu for free; it travelled on two trucks with three teachers for three days, was brought back to working order, and taught computer principles to students until the late 1970s. Moved to the university library’s hall after its machine room was demolished, it has been on display in the new museum since the museum opened in September 2023. It is the only complete first-generation Chinese valve computer known to survive, recognised by the China Computer Federation in 2021 as a class-one item of its “China Computer History Memory” register. Status: visits by advance reservation (+86 537 893 3777). Coordinates: ≈35.5967, 116.9575 (campus). Web: tchmuseum.qfnu.edu.cn.

Electronic Science and Technology Museum, UESTC. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Qingshuihe campus, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, Pidu District, Chengdu, Sichuan. Opened on 28 September 2016 for the university’s sixtieth anniversary as China’s first museum dedicated to electronics as a whole, with about 15,000 objects on 1,800 square metres. The computing section shows an original Yinhe-I, China’s first supercomputer, completed by the National University of Defense Technology in Changsha on 22 December 1983 and rated at 100 million operations per second: seven cabinets arranged in a cylinder. The museum also keeps DJS-180 and Model 930 circuit boards, early magnetic-core memory and DJS-130 logic drawings, all entered in the CCF register. Status: free, open Tuesday to Sunday 09:00 to 12:00 and 14:00 to 17:00. Coordinates: ≈30.7534, 103.9294 (campus). Web: museum.uestc.edu.cn.

Wang Xuan Memorial Exhibition, Peking University. Founder Building, 298 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, opposite the university’s east gate. Wang Xuan (1937–2006) led the development of Chinese-character laser phototypesetting from 1975. The “Life Story” hall on the fourth floor opened in 2007; the “Course of Innovation” hall on the third floor, opened on 20 January 2016 for the tenth anniversary of his death, shows the typesetting systems themselves, largely from objects given by his widow, Chen Kunqiu. The exhibition is run by the Wangxuan Institute of Computer Technology. See Wang Yongmin and the Chinese Input Wars. Status: open to visitors; contact the institute before going. Coordinates: 39.9897, 116.3104.

China Abacus Museum. 58 Haobei Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu. Opened in 2004 by the Nantong city government and the Chinese Abacus and Mental Arithmetic Association, it calls itself the largest abacus museum in the world: more than 2,000 abacuses from China, Japan, India and Russia, among them a micro-carved ivory abacus, octagonal ones and one small enough for a wristwatch, plus over 4,000 old books and records on abacus arithmetic. It was renovated for six months in 2021. See Before the Computer: Mechanical Calculation. Status: open 09:00 to 17:00. Coordinates: 32.0265, 120.8539.

Hefei Zimuyuan Museum. Jinggang Town, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui. A private non-profit museum approved by the Anhui cultural heritage bureau in March 2009, with three halls: furniture, military objects and computing. The computing hall covers calculating instruments and Chinese computers; three of its pieces are in the CCF register (a Changcheng 203 desktop computer of 1974, a BCM-III Z80 microcomputer of 1981 with Chinese-character support, and a DS-102A surveying calculator of 1975), and its director, Tan Liya, co-curated a history of calculating instruments with Tsinghua University in 2020. Status: free admission; published addresses differ, so check before visiting. Coordinates: ≈31.8751, 117.1747.

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Denmark

Historic Sites

Regnecentralen and DASK. Bjerregårdsvej 5, Valby, Copenhagen. Regnecentralen was founded on 12 October 1955 as an institute under the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences, paid for with 900,000 kroner of Marshall Plan money. In 1956 it moved into a villa rented from Carlsberg on this street, and DASK, Denmark’s first computer, was built in the dining room: 3.5 tonnes of machine, running officially from January 1958. Niels Ivar Bech ran the group; Peter Naur worked on its ALGOL compilers, and Per Brinch Hansen later wrote the RC 4000 operating system there. The transistorised GIER followed in 1961, about fifty of them. Status: private address; nothing on the site marks the machine. Parts of DASK survive at Datamuseum.dk and at the Danish Museum of Science and Technology in Helsingør. Coordinates: ≈55.6663, 12.5274.

NEUCC, Building 305. Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby. Around 1963 IBM offered the Danish technical university an IBM 7090, valued at about 20 million kroner. It was installed in Building 305 on the Lyngby campus in 1965, occupying some 200 square metres, and the centre took the name NEUCC, Northern Europe University Computing Center. When it was delivered in July 1965, the 7090 doubled Denmark’s entire computing capacity. The name promised service to the Nordic countries and the Netherlands; in practice the users were mostly Danish. Hans Jørgen Helms was the first director. The 7090 gave way to an IBM 360/75 in 1970, then a 370/165, then an IBM 3033 in 1979. In 1985 NEUCC merged with the university computing centres in Copenhagen (RECKU) and Aarhus (RECAU) to form UNI-C. The gift also pulled academic users and staff away from Regnecentralen; one later account dates Regnecentralen’s golden years to 1958 through 1964 and ends them here. Status: campus building still in university use, no marker. Coordinates: ≈55.7841, 12.5194.

Museums

Danmarks Tekniske Museum (Danish Museum of Science and Technology). Fabriksvej 25, 3000 Helsingør. The national museum of technology occupies former shipyard buildings on the edge of Helsingør. Its share of DASK is the control desk, the drum store and the ferrite-core memory. DASK’s central cabinet stands in the Smartphonemania exhibition, where visitors also learn binary numbers and program small robots. Status: open Tuesday to Sunday. Coordinates: 56.0225, 12.5628. Web: tekniskmuseum.dk.

ENIGMA, Museum for Post, Tele og Kommunikation. Øster Allé 3, 2100 Copenhagen Ø. Denmark’s communications museum, run by a foundation that TDC and PostNord set up in 1996. It moved into the former post office at Trianglen in 2017, closed for renovation, and reopened on 25 February 2023. It is named after its best-known object, a German Enigma cipher machine from the Second World War, which the museum says is the oldest surviving one. The exhibitions run from the Danish royal post of 1624 to mobile phones and the internet, cover surveillance and encryption, and include Arkadeum, a playable 1980s arcade. Status: open to the public. Coordinates: 55.6998, 12.5749. Web: enigma.dk.

Datamuseum.dk (Dansk Datahistorisk Forening). Charlottegårdsvej 1, 2640 Hedehusene. A volunteer association that collects Danish computing hardware, documents and software, with an emphasis on keeping the machines running rather than displaying them behind glass. The collection covers Regnecentralen, Christian Rovsing and Dansk Data Elektronik, including DASK parts, GIER and the RC series. See Nordic Tech Industry. Status: open on selected Sundays and by arrangement for groups. Coordinates: 55.6472, 12.2163. Web: datamuseum.dk.

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Finland

Historic Sites

Helsinki University of Technology, Otaniemi. Otakaari 1, 02150 Espoo. Finland’s best-known contribution to computing history is a piece of software with no address: Linus Torvalds wrote the first Linux kernel in 1991 on a home PC in Helsinki, in a flat whose location is not publicly documented. The one pinnable place is the campus of the Helsinki University of Technology, where the FUNET FTP server that carried the first release was run. Torvalds wanted to call the system Freax; Ari Lemmke, one of the server’s volunteer administrators, disliked the name and created the directory linux in September 1991 without asking (see Fun Fact: Linux Was Almost Called Freax). Four years later the same university network produced SSH: after a password-sniffing attack there in 1995, the researcher Tatu Ylönen designed the Secure Shell protocol and released his implementation as freeware in July 1995; by the end of the year it had about 20,000 users in fifty countries. Status: since 2010 the campus belongs to Aalto University. Coordinates: ≈60.1863, 24.8300.

University of Oulu, birthplace of IRC. Linnanmaa campus, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90570 Oulu. In the summer of 1988 Jarkko Oikarinen worked in the university’s Department of Information Processing Science, where he administered the department’s Sun-3 server tolsun.oulu.fi and the bulletin board OuluBox. At the end of August 1988 he replaced OuluBox’s chat program MUT with a client-server design of his own, Internet Relay Chat; tolsun.oulu.fi was the first IRC server. Status: working university; the pin marks today’s main campus, not a documented room. Coordinates: ≈65.0593, 25.4674.

Museums

Suomen Tietokonemuseo (Finland Computer Museum). Varikkotie 89, 40800 Vaajakoski, Jyväskylä. Run by a volunteer association since 1985, with about 600 machines, peripherals and service tools and some 250 books, and five machines from the earliest Finnish models that exist nowhere else in the country. See Nordic Tech Industry. Status: open on Thursday evenings and by arrangement. Coordinates: 62.2314, 25.9120. Web: suomentietokonemuseo.fi.

Tekniikan museo (Museum of Technology). Viikintie 1, 00560 Helsinki, in the Vanhakaupunki (Old Town) district at the mouth of the Vantaa river. Founded in 1969, it holds ESKO, the first computer built in Finland: a Matematiikkakonekomitea project begun in 1954 at the Helsinki University of Technology, finished in 1960, run for a few years by the University of Helsinki and handed to the museum in 1970. The museum also keeps the drum memory of “Ensi”, the IBM 650 the Post Office Savings Bank bought in 1958 and officially Finland’s first computer; the rest of that machine is gone. See Nordic Tech Industry. Status: open; the current permanent exhibitions are not about computing, so ask before travelling for ESKO. Coordinates: 60.2160, 24.9836. Web: tekniikanmuseo.fi.

Suomen pelimuseo (Finnish Museum of Games), Vapriikki. Museum Centre Vapriikki, Alaverstaanraitti 5, Tampere. Opened in January 2017 inside the Vapriikki museum centre, partly paid for by a 2015 crowdfunding campaign (€85,860 from 1,120 backers, among them Supercell and Housemarque) and built by the City of Tampere, the Rupriikki Media Museum, the collectors’ group Pelikonepeijoonit and the University of Tampere. About a hundred Finnish games, most of them playable, from the board game Afrikan Tähti (1951) through UnReal World (1992) and Max Payne (2001) to Angry Birds (2009), in period rooms by decade, plus an arcade of pinball and electro-mechanical machines. Over 100,000 people visited in its first six months. Status: open; check the site for temporary closures. Coordinates: 61.5030, 23.7601. Web: vapriikki.fi.

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France

Historic Sites

IRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt. 78150 Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt, west of Paris. IRIA was set up in 1967 under de Gaulle’s Plan Calcul on a site NATO had vacated. From 1971 Louis Pouzin’s team built CYCLADES here: planning in 1971, design and hiring in 1972, a first demonstration with three hosts and one packet switch in November 1973, and twenty nodes by 1976, with links to London and Rome. Its CIGALE layer carried unreliable datagrams and pushed reliability out to the hosts; Gérard Le Lann took that argument to Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, and it survives in TCP/IP. The French PTT preferred virtual circuits and starved the project, which shut down in 1981. See France’s Tech Industry and Early Networking Failures. Status: the research centre moved to Paris in 2016 and only Inria’s headquarters remains on the site, with a departure planned between 2028 and 2030. Coordinates: ≈48.8378, 2.1031.

Museums

Musée des Arts et Métiers. 60 rue Réaumur, 75003 Paris. Founded in 1794 as a repository for scientific instruments, it holds one of Blaise Pascal’s surviving Pascalines, an arithmometer of about 1850 and a Cray-2 of 1985, which puts three and a half centuries of calculating machinery in one building. Coordinates: 48.8661, 2.3554. Web: arts-et-metiers.net.

ACONIT. 12 rue Joseph Rey, 38000 Grenoble. The Association pour un conservatoire de l’informatique et de la télématique was founded on 24 January 1985 and holds more than 2,500 machines, some 10,000 technical documents and 2,600 pieces of software. Status: guided visits by appointment, plus European Heritage Days. Coordinates: 45.1861, 5.7171. Web: aconit.org.

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Germany

Historic Sites

Zuse’s workshops, Methfesselstraße. Methfesselstraße 10 and 7, Kreuzberg, Berlin. Between 1936 and 1938 Konrad Zuse built the Z1, a fully mechanical programmable binary computer, in the living room of his parents’ flat at No. 10. His firm then took workshop space across the street at No. 7 (and at Belle-Alliance-Straße 29), and there Zuse presented the relay-based Z3 on 12 May 1941. Bombing raids on Berlin in December 1943 destroyed both machines, and both houses were lost in the war. Status: the site of No. 7 was never rebuilt; a Berlin memorial plaque, unveiled there on 28 August 1998, records that Zuse developed and built the Z1 to Z4 in the two houses between 1936 and 1944. Coordinates: 52.4891, 13.3856.

Zuse in the Allgäu. Talstraße 41, Hinterstein (Bad Hindelang), and Hopferau. In spring 1945 a Wehrmacht truck brought the unfinished Z4 from Berlin, by way of Göttingen, to the mountain village of Hinterstein. Zuse hid it in parts in a shed of the Gasthof Steinadler and in the village gym, while he and his wife lodged at Talstraße 41 from April 1945 to October 1946. From 1946 to 1949 the family lived in Wiedemen near Hopferau, and the Z4 stood in a former flour store of the Martin bakery in Hopferau, where Zuse got it running again. Status: an inscription on the Talstraße house and, since 2022, a memorial stone set up by the Konrad-Zuse-Gesellschaft recall his stay in Hinterstein; a Konrad Zuse fountain stands in Wiedemen. Coordinates: 47.4812, 10.4047 (Hinterstein); ≈47.6013, 10.6400 (Wiedemen).

Zuse KG, Neukirchen and Bad Hersfeld. Konrad-Zuse-Platz, Neukirchen (Haunetal). In 1949 Zuse founded Zuse KG here with Harro Stucken and Alfred Eckhard, Germany’s first computer company. In 1957 it moved to Bad Hersfeld, into the buildings of a former textile factory. Brown, Boveri & Cie took over the firm in 1964, Siemens bought 70 percent in 1967 and the rest two years later, and the company name was deleted in April 1971. Status: the square in front of Neukirchen’s town hall is named Konrad-Zuse-Platz and carries a plaque; Bad Hersfeld has a Konrad Zuse monument in front of its abbey ruin. Coordinates: 50.7693, 9.6957 (Neukirchen); 50.8666, 9.7026 (Bad Hersfeld abbey ruin).

G1, Max Planck institutes in Göttingen. Göttingen. Heinz Billing’s group at the Max Planck Institute for Instrumentation put the G1 into service on 7 June 1952, the first program-controlled electronic computer in Germany: 476 tubes, 101 relays and a magnetic drum. In September 1952 it moved to the Max Planck Institute for Physics, where Billing’s group went on to build the G2, G1a and G3 by 1961. When the institute moved to Munich in 1958 the machines went with it; the G1 ran there until 1965 and was then scrapped. Status: the sources do not identify the building and there is no marker; the Deutsches Museum keeps the G1’s drum memory.

DERA, TH Darmstadt. Darmstadt. Alwin Walther’s Institute for Practical Mathematics began building the Darmstädter Elektronischer Rechenautomat in 1951: 1,400 tubes, 8,000 diodes, 90 relays and a drum memory of 3,000 words. It went into use in 1957, was finished in 1959, and was programmed in machine code and ALGOL. Status: the sources do not name the building; the pin marks the university’s main campus. Coordinates: ≈49.8749, 8.6566.

PERM, TH München. Arcisstraße 21, Munich. Hans Piloty and Robert Sauer began the PERM in 1952 at the TH’s Institute for Electrical Communications and Measurement; it went into service in May 1956. Friedrich L. Bauer and Klaus Samelson’s group wrote the first ALGOL compiler for it. Retired in 1974, it was shown on the third floor of the Deutsches Museum from 1988 to 2022 and is the oldest surviving German tube computer. Status: the pin marks the main campus of today’s TUM; the exact building is not documented. Coordinates: ≈48.1491, 11.5674.

D1, Willers-Bau, TU Dresden. Zellescher Weg 12–14, Dresden. In 1956 Nikolaus Joachim Lehmann’s D1, with about 760 tubes, a magnetic drum and 100 arithmetic operations per second, went into a specially reinforced room on the second floor of wing A of today’s Willers-Bau, the mathematics building. Lehmann followed it with the D2 and the transistorised D4a (Computing in East Germany). Status: the TU Dresden collection of historic computing machines, which Lehmann founded in 1979, keeps the D4a and parts of the D1 and D2. Coordinates: 51.0288, 13.7331.

OPREMA, Carl Zeiss Jena. Jena. Wilhelm Kämmerer and Herbert Kortum built the Optik-Rechen-Maschine at Carl Zeiss in 1955 to calculate lens systems: 17,000 relays in two identical halves that checked each other. It was the first working computer built in the GDR (Computing in East Germany) and ran until autumn 1963. Status: the machine was scrapped, and the sources do not identify the building.

Wilhelm Schickard, Tübingen. Sand 13, Tübingen. Wilhelm Schickard, professor at the University of Tübingen, described his “calculating clock” to Johannes Kepler in a letter of 20 September 1623 (Germany’s Computing Pioneers). No original survives; Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff rebuilt it in 1957 from the drawings Schickard had sent to Kepler. Status: no workshop site is known. Reconstructions are shown in the Museum of the University of Tübingen and in the display collection of the Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut, the university’s computer science institute, named after him (pin). Coordinates: ≈48.5345, 9.0718.

DEHOMAG headquarters. Lankwitzer Straße 13–17, Berlin-Lichterfelde. The Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft, founded in Berlin on 30 November 1910 to license Hollerith’s punched-card system, fell 90 percent to CTR, the future IBM, in 1922. Its new headquarters opened here on 8 January 1934 with Nazi officials present. DEHOMAG machines processed the 1939 census with its racial classifications, and its technicians serviced Hollerith equipment in concentration camps. The firm was renamed IBM Deutschland in May 1949. Status: the building was badly damaged in the war, rebuilt in altered form and extended; Deutsche Telekom uses it today. Coordinates: 52.4296, 13.3311.

Labor für Impulstechnik, Essen. Essen. On 1 July 1952 Heinz Nixdorf founded his Labor für Impulstechnik in basement rooms of the RWE administration building, backed by a 30,000 DM advance from the utility, whose accounting department got his first tube calculator. The firm moved to Paderborn in 1958. Status: the sources do not give the building’s address, and there is no marker.

SAP, Weinheim and Walldorf. Dietmar-Hopp-Allee 16, 69190 Walldorf. Five former IBM engineers founded SAP in Weinheim in June 1972, with a second office in Mannheim. In 1977 the company moved its seat to Walldorf, renting offices from the local savings bank, and in 1980 it moved into its first own building on Max-Planck-Straße. Status: the Walldorf headquarters campus (pin). Coordinates: 49.2937, 8.6421.

Robotron headquarters, Pirnaischer Platz. Zinzendorfstraße 5 (canteen), Dresden. The Kombinat Robotron, formed on 1 April 1969, got a headquarters complex here in 1969–1972: an L-shaped management building, two atrium office blocks for its research centre, a canteen and a computer centre. Status: the atrium blocks and the computer centre were demolished in 2016 and housing is going up on the site; the management building was slated for demolition from 2025. The listed canteen is to become the Kunsthaus Dresden, with renovation planned for 2027 and 2028. Coordinates: 51.0456, 13.7459.

Büromaschinenwerk Sömmerda. Sömmerda, Thuringia. The Robotron office-machine works developed the PC 1715, the most common office computer in the GDR, and built 93,096 of it and its PC 1715W variant from 1985 to 1989 (Computing in East Germany). Computer production ended on 5 December 1991, and the roughly 50-hectare works became an industrial park. Status: the PC 1715 is on show in the Historisch-Technisches Museum in the Dreyse-Haus (pin). Coordinates: ≈51.1632, 11.1162.

Hannover fairground (CeBIT). Messegelände, Hannover. In 1970 the fair opened its new Hall 1 for office technology as the Centrum der Büro- und Informationstechnik, CeBIT. The first independent CeBIT opened on 12 March 1986 with 2,142 exhibitors and 334,400 visitors, and for two decades it was the world’s largest computer fair. Attendance declined through the 2000s, and after the rebranded 2018 edition the organisers cancelled it (CeBIT and the Age of the Computer Trade Fair). Status: the fairground still hosts the Hannover Messe; CeBIT no longer exists. Coordinates: 52.3246, 9.8056.

First German Internet email, Karlsruhe. Am Fasanengarten 5, Karlsruhe. On 3 August 1984 Michael Rotert, in Werner Zorn’s group at the University of Karlsruhe, received Germany’s first Internet email, a CSNET welcome message from Laura Breeden (Germany’s IT Industry). Karlsruhe became the German CSNET relay. Status: the pin marks the informatics building of today’s KIT, which marked the 40th anniversary in 2024; the sources do not name the room. Coordinates: ≈49.0141, 8.4195.

Founding of the Chaos Computer Club. Wattstraße, corner of Voltastraße, Berlin-Gesundbrunnen. On 12 September 1981 Wau Holland and about twenty others met at the offices of the daily taz, at a table that had come from Kommune 1, and founded the Chaos Computer Club. The taz used the first floor of a former food wholesaler’s headquarters here from 1979 until it moved to Kochstraße on 17 June 1989. Status: no marker. Coordinates: ≈52.5410, 13.3905.

Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen. Am Wolfsmantel 33, Erlangen-Tennenlohe. MP3 came out of the audio group of the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, with Karlheinz Brandenburg, Bernhard Grill, Jürgen Herre, Harald Popp and others; in July 1995 an internal poll chose .mp3 as the file extension. Status: the institute’s headquarters today; the sources do not say whether the early work happened in this building. Coordinates: 49.5469, 11.0186.

Museums

Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum. Fürstenallee 7, 33102 Paderborn. Opened on 24 October 1996, it bills itself as the world’s largest computer museum, with 6,000 square metres tracing information technology from cuneiform to robotics. Coordinates: 51.7313, 8.7356. Web: hnf.de.

Computerspielemuseum. Karl-Marx-Allee 93a, 10243 Berlin. Founded in 1997 and reopened as a permanent exhibition in 2011, it documents the history of video games with arcade cabinets, home consoles and playable installations. Coordinates: 52.5176, 13.4420. Web: computerspielemuseum.de.

ZKM Center for Art and Media. Lorenzstraße 19, 76135 Karlsruhe. Founded in 1989, the ZKM moved in 1997 into Hall A of a former weapons and munitions factory built between 1914 and 1918. That autumn it opened “The World of Games,” making it one of the first art institutions to give video games a permanent public platform. The current edition, “zkm_gameplay. the next level,” opened in 2018 in Atrium 1+2 on the second floor: more than 50 playable games from the 1970s onward, arranged in five levels from retro arcade and console games through narrative, experimental and political games to a changing spotlight. The games are shown as art and culture rather than as hardware history. Status: open, included in the regular museum admission. Coordinates: ≈49.0014, 8.3836. Web: zkm.de.

Deutsches Museum. Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München. Founded on 28 June 1903. Its Informatik exhibition runs to 1,400 square metres with about 700 objects and 40 hands-on stations, built around a replica of Konrad Zuse’s Z3 and the original Z4, plus mathematical instruments, analogue computers and a cabinet of cipher machines. Status: the exhibition has been closed since 29 June 2022 while the second half of the building is modernised; the work is scheduled to finish in 2028, the museum’s 125th anniversary. The rest of the museum stays open during the rebuild. Coordinates: 48.1300, 11.5829. Web: deutsches-museum.de.

Deutsches Technikmuseum. Trebbiner Straße 9, Berlin-Kreuzberg. Its Informatik exhibition centres on Konrad Zuse: the Z1 reconstruction of about 30,000 parts that Zuse himself built for the museum in 1989, a Z3 replica, the Graphomat Z64 plotter of 1961 and wreckage of a Henschel guided bomb he worked on. Coordinates: 52.4972, 13.3759.

Konrad Zuse Museum Hünfeld. Kirchplatz 4–6, 36088 Hünfeld. The town museum, in an old school building, tells Zuse’s story near the places where Zuse KG began; Horst Zuse’s working Z3 replica of 2010 has its permanent home here. Status: open Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday, 15:00 to 17:00. Coordinates: 50.6719, 9.7657. Web: zuse-museum-huenfeld.de.

Arithmeum. Lennéstraße 2, 53113 Bonn. Opened on 8 September 1999 by the University of Bonn’s Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics around Bernhard Korte’s collection, it holds more than 10,000 objects on calculating from the 17th century to the end of the mechanical era, and also shows VLSI chip design and art. Status: open Tuesday to Sunday, 11:00 to 18:00. Coordinates: 50.7305, 7.1049. Web: arithmeum.uni-bonn.de.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek. Waterloostraße 8, 30169 Hannover. The library keeps Leibniz’s original stepped-drum calculating machine, built from around 1690, about 14 kilograms, and found again in 1894 in the attic of Göttingen’s university church. Since summer 2015 it has been displayed in a glass gallery on the first floor next to Leibniz’s own working library. Coordinates: 52.3653, 9.7308. Web: gwlb.de.

technikum29. Am Flachsland 29, 65779 Kelkheim (Taunus). A private museum founded in 2005 in a former savings bank branch, whose house number gave it its name. It keeps machines from the 1920s to the 1980s in working order, among them an IBM 1130, a UNIVAC 9400, a Stantec Mk. II, Bull Gamma systems and a complete punched-card line. Status: volunteer-run; visits by appointment or on announced tour days. Coordinates: 50.1451, 8.4462. Web: technikum29.de.

Computermuseum der Informatik. Universitätsstraße 38, 70569 Stuttgart. Opened in February 1997 at the University of Stuttgart’s computer science institutes, it shows most of its calculating machines and computers running, including what it calls the oldest working magnetic drum computer in Germany and an IBM 1130. Status: free, open Tuesdays 16:30 to 18:00; group tours by arrangement. Coordinates: 48.7452, 9.1067. Web: f05.uni-stuttgart.de.

Haus zur Geschichte der IBM Datenverarbeitung (closed). Bahnhofstraße 43, Sindelfingen. Opened in 1994 by the IBM Club, the social club of IBM employees and retirees, in a 1903 brick building that had been a stocking factory and later IBM’s punch-card printing plant. On about 600 square metres it traced IBM technology from Hollerith’s electric tabulating system to mainframe chips. It closed in 2012 when IBM gave up the building; the city of Sindelfingen did not take over the collection. Status: the collection moved into a former computing centre at IBM’s research and development lab in Böblingen and has been shown there since 2016 by invitation only, mainly to IBM customers. Coordinates: 48.7034, 9.0030.

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India

Historic Sites

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005. TIFR was founded on 1 June 1945 by Homi J. Bhabha with money from the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. A pilot machine ran here in 1956, and the full computer, built under Rangaswamy Narasimhan, was commissioned in 1960 by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who gave it the name TIFRAC (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator). It stayed in service until 1965. The Colaba campus itself was inaugurated by Nehru on 15 January 1962. See India’s IT Industry. Status: active research institute; visits require prior arrangement. Coordinates: 18.9071, 72.8050.

Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Baranagar, Kolkata 700108. P. C. Mahalanobis founded the ISI on 17 December 1931 and moved it to the Amrapali property in Baranagar in 1953. Its HEC-2M, ordered in 1954 from the British Tabulating Machine Company in Letchworth, arrived in February 1956 and was running by the end of March in an air-conditioned room on the ground floor: the first electronic computer installed in India, used for the Planning Commission and the National Sample Survey. The Soviet Union gave the institute a URAL, which arrived in March 1958 and was handed over in February 1959. From 1961 the ISI and Jadavpur University built ISIJU-1, India’s first transistorised computer, under Samarendra Kumar Mitra; it worked from 1964 and was formally commissioned at Jadavpur by education minister M. C. Chagla on 2 April 1966 (India’s IT Industry). Status: active institute; the sources do not say whether any of the machines survives. Coordinates: 22.6478, 88.3766.

Western Laboratories, IIT Kanpur. IIT Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208016. In August 1963 an IBM 1620 arrived here, the first computer at an Indian educational institution; a wall of the Western Laboratories building had to be broken to get it in. Harry Huskey of Berkeley and two other American professors taught the first ten-day programming course on it to 60 researchers and teachers from across the country. Electrical engineering chair H. K. Kesavan ran the computer centre, a master’s option in computer science followed in 1965, a separate master’s programme in 1972 and the first B.Tech batch in 1978. Status: active campus; the building still stands under the same name. Coordinates: 26.5123, 80.2317.

Electronics Corporation of India, Hyderabad. ECIL Post, Hyderabad 500062. The Department of Atomic Energy founded ECIL on 11 April 1967 with Vikram Sarabhai as chairman and A. S. Rao as managing director; it started in the Sanath Nagar industrial estate before moving to permanent premises at Moula Ali. In 1969 it built the prototype TDC-12, India’s first indigenous 12-bit digital computer, followed by the TDC-312 in 1971, the 16-bit TDC-316 and the 32-bit System 332 in 1979. ECIL later developed India’s electronic voting machines. Status: active public-sector company; no marker. Coordinates: ≈17.4707, 78.5689 (ECIL post office next to the works).

Akbar Hotel, C-DOT’s first office. Akbar Bhawan, Satya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. Sam Pitroda’s Centre for Development of Telematics was set up on 25 August 1984 and, rather than wait for its own building, began work in five rooms of this state-run hotel, with beds serving as desks. By 1986 C-DOT had 425 staff with an average age of 25, designing the rural exchanges behind India’s yellow STD/PCO booths. Status: the hotel closed in April 1986; the brutalist building now houses offices of the Ministry of External Affairs and, since 2010, the South Asian University. No marker. Coordinates: 28.5859, 77.1911.

Sona Towers, Texas Instruments. Millers Road, Bengaluru. In 1985 Texas Instruments opened its software design centre in this office block, the first development centre of a US multinational in India (India’s IT Industry). TI installed a satellite dish with uplink so that code written here could be sent to Dallas directly, and VSNL later put an earth station at the site. Verifone, Oracle and Cisco followed TI into the building. Status: still an office park; TI India has moved to Bagmane Tech Park. No marker, and the sources do not give coordinates for the building.

C-DAC and PARAM 8000, Pune. Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007. After the United States refused to export a Cray supercomputer, the Department of Electronics set up the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing under Vijay Bhatkar in 1988 to build one from parts India could buy. Within three years it had PARAM 8000, delivered in August 1991: a distributed-memory machine of Inmos transputers, with 64 nodes in the first configuration and a theoretical 1 GFLOPS for 256 nodes. PARAMs were exported to Germany, the United Kingdom and Russia. Status: C-DAC still runs its National PARAM Supercomputing Facility on the university campus (pin); its headquarters is now the Innovation Park at Pashan. Coordinates: 18.5517, 73.8238.

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Ireland

Museums

Computer and Communications Museum of Ireland. Insight Centre for Data Analytics, DERI Building, IDA Business Park, Lower Dangan, Galway. Founded in 2010 on the University of Galway campus (English Wikipedia files it as the Computing and Communications Museum of Ireland), it keeps historic computing and communications equipment, from crystal radios and dial telephones to a DEC PDP-11 and an Apple II, most of it switched on and usable, and runs school outreach alongside the exhibition. Coordinates: 53.2900, -9.0744. Web: ccmireland.com.

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Israel

Historic Sites

WEIZAC, Weizmann Institute of Science. Rehovot. Chaim Pekeris, who built the institute’s applied mathematics department, talked it into paying for the country’s first computer in 1950. Gerald Estrin came from von Neumann’s team at the Institute for Advanced Study, landed in Haifa on 26 December 1953 with a complete set of the IAS drawings, and led the construction with his wife Thelma Estrin as electrical engineer and the technician Micha Kedem. WEIZAC ran its first calculation in October 1955, worked with 40-bit words on a magnetic drum that magnetic core replaced in 1961, and was shut down on 29 December 1963. The IEEE made it a Milestone on 5 December 2006. See Israel’s Tech Industry. Status: active research campus; the Milestone plaque is in the institute lobby and a section of the machine is on display. Coordinates: 31.9078, 34.8133.

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Italy

Historic Sites

Olivetti, Ivrea. Via Guglielmo Jervis, 10015 Ivrea, Piedmont. The street that runs past the Olivetti factories, canteen and housing is the spine of the industrial town Camillo and Adriano Olivetti built. Pier Giorgio Perotto’s team designed the Programma 101 here; it sold from 1965 at $3,200 and reached about 44,000 buyers, ten of them at NASA, where the machines were used in planning the Apollo 11 landing. UNESCO inscribed “Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century” on the World Heritage List on 1 July 2018. Status: the buildings are in mixed use and can be walked as an open-air museum (MAAM) along Via Jervis; the UNESCO visitor centre is at Via Jervis 11 and the Olivetti historical archive at Via delle Miniere 31. Coordinates: 45.4595, 7.8747.

Museums

Museo degli Strumenti per il Calcolo. Via Nicola Pisano 25, Area dei Vecchi Macelli, 56126 Pisa. Opened in 2000 by the University of Pisa, it holds calculating instruments from the fifteenth century onwards and the CEP, the Calcolatrice Elettronica Pisana. The CEP was built by the university’s Centro Studi Calcolatrici Elettroniche, set up in March 1955 and funded with 150 million lire from the surrounding provinces after Enrico Fermi wrote to the rector in support of the plan, and was inaugurated on 13 November 1961 by President Giovanni Gronchi. Olivetti ran its own laboratory at Barbaricina outside Pisa alongside the project, which led to the Elea line. See AICA: Italy’s Computing Society. Coordinates: 43.7176, 10.3921. Web: msc.sma.unipi.it.

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Japan

Museums

IPSJ Computer Museum. A web museum operated by the Information Processing Society of Japan. It catalogues the history of Japanese computers: mainframes, supercomputers, personal machines and peripherals. It has no exhibition site of its own; the machines are held by certified satellite museums such as the KCG collection below. Web: museum.ipsj.or.jp.

KCG Computer Museum. 1 Jodoji-Banba-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8412. Kyoto Computer Gakuin, founded in 1963 as Japan’s first computer school, kept the systems it taught on, and the collection became the first certified satellite of the IPSJ Computer Museum. It holds eight mainframe systems (TOSBAC-3400, FACOM M770, UNIVAC 1100/20, IBM 360/40 and 370/158 among them), seven minicomputers and office machines, single-board microcomputers including the NEC TK-80E, and about thirty desktop machines from the Sharp MZ-80 and Oki if800 to the Apple II. Status: open to visitors by advance reservation. Coordinates: ≈35.0248, 135.7930. Web: kcg.ac.jp/museum.

Nintendo Museum. 56 Kaguraden, Ogura-cho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0042. Nintendo opened the museum on 2 October 2024 in its Uji Ogura plant, built in 1969, which made playing cards and hanafuda and served as the repair centre until those functions moved to a new plant in November 2016. The exhibition runs from hanafuda playing cards to the Nintendo Switch, with interactive stations for old toys such as the Ultra Hand and the Love Tester; visitors can also print their own hanafuda cards. Status: open daily except Tuesdays, 10:00–20:00; tickets are allocated by lottery and require a Nintendo Account. Coordinates: ≈34.8928, 135.7842. Web: museum.nintendo.com.

Toshio Kashio Memorial Museum of Invention. 4-19-10 Seijo, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo. The former home of Toshio Kashio, one of the four brothers who founded Casio, now a registered tangible cultural property. Its exhibits start with the 14-A of 1957, a relay machine Casio calls the world’s first compact all-electric calculator, and continue with the Casio Mini pocket calculator (1972), the Casiotron watch (1974) and the Casiotone 201 keyboard (1980); his study and hand-drawn schematics are kept as well. Status: free, visits by advance reservation only. Coordinates: 35.6439, 139.5901. Web: kashiotoshio.org.

Hitachi Origin Park. 6-19-22 Omika-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1221. Hitachi opened the park on 5 November 2021 in the town where the company began. The Sogyo Goya, a recreation of the founding repair shop, shows the original 5-horsepower induction motor, Hitachi’s first product, still in working order; the Odaira Memorial Museum tells the story of founder Namihei Odaira and of the company’s later products. Status: free, open 9:30 to 16:00 (last entry 15:00), closed Mondays and national holidays. Coordinates: 36.5131, 140.6148. Web: origin.hitachi.co.jp.

NTT History Center of Technologies. NTT Musashino Research and Development Center, 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8585. Opened in November 2000, the centre covers telecommunications since the founding of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation in 1952 and holds the corporation’s computers: the MUSASHINO-1B parametron computer (1957), certified as Information Processing Heritage by IPSJ, the parametron-based CM-1 and transistorised CM-100 billing computers, and a DIPS-11/45 mainframe of 1982 from the DIPS project that NTT started in 1968 with NEC, Hitachi and Fujitsu. It has been an IPSJ satellite museum since 2011. Status: open Thursdays and Fridays, 13:00 to 17:00, without reservation; group tours on other weekdays by reservation. Coordinates: 35.7195, 139.5648. Web: hct.rd.ntt.

Panasonic Museum. 1006 Oaza Kadoma, Kadoma, Osaka 571-8501. Opened on 7 March 2018, a hundred years to the day after Konosuke Matsushita founded the company. The Konosuke Matsushita Museum, first set up in 1968, now sits in a reproduction of the 1933 head office on its original site, next to a Hall of Manufacturing Ingenuity on how Panasonic built its products. Status: free, open 10:00 to 17:00, closed Sundays and holidays. Coordinates: 34.7381, 135.5737. Web: holdings.panasonic.

Toshiba Future Science Museum (closed to the public). Lazona Kawasaki Toshiba Building, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki. Toshiba opened its science museum in November 1961 at the Komukai works in Kawasaki and moved it to the new head office in January 2014; by June 2022 it had counted 11 million visitors. Toshiba ended public opening on 29 June 2024, citing the shift of its business from consumers to corporate customers. Status: the industrial-heritage collection stays in the building and is shown only to Toshiba’s business customers and partners. Coordinates: 35.5320, 139.6947.

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Mexico

Historic Sites

IBM 650, Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria. UNAM, Coyoacán, Mexico City. The engineer Sergio Beltrán López had seen IBM machines at the University of California while working on the geology under Mexico City, came back convinced, and persuaded the university to buy one. The IBM 650 started work on 8 June 1958 in the basement of the Faculty of Sciences, and the Centro de Cálculo Electrónico grew around it. UNAM counts the machine as the first in Mexico and in Latin America; the second half of that claim is contested, because the city government of São Paulo had a Univac 120 billing its water utility from 1957. See Latin America’s Tech Industry. Status: active university campus, nothing marks the room. Coordinates: ≈19.3240, -99.1800.

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Netherlands

Museums

HomeComputerMuseum. Noord Koninginnewal 28, Helmond. An interactive walk through the history of the home computer, with rooms styled by decade, a working repair workshop and an arcade café. Coordinates: 51.4797, 5.6581. Web: homecomputermuseum.nl.

Philips Museum. Emmasingel 31, 5611 AZ Eindhoven. The museum occupies the listed lamp factory where Gerard Philips started making incandescent light bulbs in 1891; Queen Beatrix opened it in April 2013. The exhibition follows the company from electric light through radio, X-ray technology and television to the digital age. Coordinates: 51.4393, 5.4753. Web: philips.nl/philips-museum.

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Norway

Historic Sites

NUSSE, Blindern. University of Oslo campus, Blindern, Oslo. Thomas Hysing, Ole Amble and Tor Evjen built NUSSE (Norsk Universell Siffermaskin, Sekvensstyrt, Elektronisk) for the newly founded Sentralinstituttet for Industriell Forskning as a copy of Andrew Booth’s APEXC, with many parts shipped from England and most of the electronics rebuilt in Oslo. It ran from March 1954, starting with a version of the game NIM, and stayed in service until 1961. Odd Hassel used it for crystal chemistry and Ragnar Frisch for national-accounts work, which puts two Nobel laureates on one drum machine. The team worked first in the Astrophysical Institute at Blindern and moved into SI’s own building on the campus in 1956. See Nordic Tech Industry. Status: active university campus, no marker; the machine itself is at the Norsk Teknisk Museum. Coordinates: ≈59.9388, 10.7188.

Museums

Norsk Teknisk Museum. Kjelsåsveien 143, 0491 Oslo. Norway’s national museum of science and technology, founded in 1914 out of the Frogner jubilee exhibition. NUSSE stands here after its retirement. See Nordic Computer Societies. Coordinates: 59.9669, 10.7834. Web: tekniskmuseum.no.

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Poland

Museums

Enigma Cipher Centre (Centrum Szyfrów Enigma). Święty Marcin 78, 61-809 Poznań. Opened on 25 September 2021 in a building that had housed the Poznań branch of the Polish Army’s Cipher Bureau, where Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski worked as students before they broke Enigma in the 1930s. The permanent exhibition covers ciphers from Alberti onwards and includes replicas of Rejewski’s bomba and of the Zygalski sheets. See Alan Turing and the Enigma. Coordinates: 52.4076, 16.9198. Web: csenigma.pl.

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Russia

Historic Sites

Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (ITMiVT). Leninsky Prospekt 51, Moscow 119333. Sergei Lebedev moved here from Kyiv and built the BESM series: the BESM-1 of 1952, then the BESM-6, designed by 1965 and produced from 1968 to 1987 in 355 machines, which ran the calculations for the Venera probes and the Lunokhod rovers. The Elbrus machines followed under Vsevolod Burtsev and Boris Babayan. See Soviet and Russian Computing. Status: active institute, a joint-stock company since 3 August 2009, not open to visitors. Coordinates: 55.6989, 37.5662.

Museums

Polytechnic Museum. Novaya Ploshchad 3/4, Moscow 109012. Founded in 1872 out of the All-Russian Technical Exhibition, it holds the broadest computing collection in Russia: Bunyakovsky’s self-counting abacus, Lukyanov’s hydraulic integrator, and a Setun, the balanced-ternary machine built at Moscow State University in 1958 by Nikolai Brusentsov under Sergei Sobolev and produced in Kazan in fifty units between 1959 and 1965. Status: the historic building has been under reconstruction since 2013, with reopening announced for the second half of 2026; the museum park around it is open. Coordinates: 55.7578, 37.6295. Web: polymus.ru.

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South Korea

Museums

Nexon Museum (formerly Nexon Computer Museum). 1100-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju. Opened on 27 July 2013 by the game company Nexon, it was one of the first permanent museums in Korea devoted to the history of computers and video games. Status: after a four-month rebuild it reopened on 12 May 2026 under the shorter name, recast as an experience space around visitors’ own game records; the hardware collection is in storage rather than on permanent display. Coordinates: 33.4719, 126.4850. Web: nexonmuseum.org.

Samsung Innovation Museum. 129 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do. Samsung Electronics opened the museum at its Suwon headquarters in April 2014. On 10,950 square metres it tells the history of the electronics industry as a whole, with about 150 historical products (Edison light bulbs, transistor radios, early televisions) and developments from Siemens, AT&T, Philips, General Electric and NEC, before turning to Samsung’s own semiconductors and displays. Status: free, visitors must be 13 or older; weekdays by guided tour booked in advance, Saturdays 9:00 to 17:00 without reservation. Coordinates: 37.2577, 127.0556. Web: samsunginnovationmuseum.com.

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Spain

Museums

Museo de Informática García Santesmases (MIGS). Facultad de Informática, Calle Profesor José García Santesmases 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid. Opened in November 2013 along the corridors of the computer science faculty of the Universidad Complutense, it shows machines built at the university between 1950 and 1975, commercial computers from its computing centre from 1968 on, and donated equipment, each with a panel explaining how it worked. It is named after José García Santesmases, the professor who started computing research and teaching in Spain. Status: free entry on weekdays, no booking for individual visitors. Coordinates: 40.4528, -3.7338. Web: fdi.ucm.es/migs.

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Sweden

Historic Sites

BESK. Drottninggatan 95A, 113 60 Stockholm. Matematikmaskinnämnden, the state board for computing machinery set up in 1948, built BESK (Binär Elektronisk SekvensKalkylator) in a room of the old Royal Institute of Technology premises here between 1950 and 1953. For a few weeks after it started work it was the fastest computer in the world. It ran until 1966 and its design was copied abroad, notably by Denmark’s DASK. Status: ordinary street address, no marker. Coordinates: ≈59.3399, 18.0550.

Museums

Tekniska museet. Museivägen 7, 115 27 Stockholm. Sweden’s national museum of science and technology, founded in 1924 and in its Djurgården building since 1936. BESK was donated to it in 1966; the control panel, Williams tube memory and drum memory are in the collection. Coordinates: 59.3325, 18.1188. Web: tekniskamuseet.se.

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Switzerland

Historic Sites

CERN. Route de Meyrin, Meyrin, near Geneva (the site straddles the Swiss–French border). At CERN in 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposed the system that became the World Wide Web, writing the first browser and server on a NeXT machine here by 1990. Status: active research laboratory; parts are open to visitors. Coordinates: 46.2334, 6.0556.

ETH Zürich, main building. Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich. Eduard Stiefel’s Institute for Applied Mathematics rented Konrad Zuse’s Z4 and had it installed here in 1950; it was ETH’s first computer and, in 1950 and 1951, the only working digital computer in central Europe. It was in use until 1954 and went to the Franco-German Research Institute at Saint-Louis by 1955, where it ran until 1959, before going to the Deutsches Museum in 1960. Stiefel, Ambros Speiser and Heinz Rutishauser built the school’s own machine, the ERMETH, between 1950 and 1956; it ran until 1963. Niklaus Wirth held the chair for informatics here from 1968 until 1999 and wrote Pascal (1970), Modula-2 (1979) and Oberon (1988) in the same institution. Status: active university, courtyard and public areas accessible. Coordinates: ≈47.3765, 8.5482.

Museums

Musée Bolo. EPFL, Bâtiment INF, Station 14, 1015 Lausanne (fittingly, on the campus’s Chemin Alan Turing). Yves Bolognini, an EPFL engineer, turned his private collection into a museum in 2002, the first permanent exhibition of its kind in Switzerland; a foundation, Mémoires Informatiques, has run it since 2007. Coordinates: 46.5187, 6.5637. Web: museebolo.ch.

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Taiwan

Museums

Science Park Exploration Museum. No. 1, Keji 5th Road, Hsinchu 300092. The exhibition hall of the Hsinchu Science Park administration, which is the closest thing Taiwan has to a museum of its own computing industry: the ground floor shows award-winning products of the park’s tenant firms, the first floor the electronics industry from the 1960s onwards with camera modules and semiconductor equipment, and the second floor the park’s own timeline with a documentary on its founding. See Taiwan’s Tech Ecosystem. Status: open weekdays 09:00 to 17:00, free, closed at weekends. Coordinates: ≈24.7835, 121.0047.

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Ukraine

Historic Sites

MESM building, Feofaniya. Vulytsia Akademika Lebedieva 19, Feofaniya, Kyiv 03143. Sergei Lebedev’s laboratory of the Kyiv Institute of Electrotechnics occupied a two-storey former convent hostel here, and the team had to build the workshop and its own power supply before they could build the machine. MESM ran a test program on 6 November 1950, did its first practical calculations on 4 January 1951, and passed state acceptance on 25 December 1951, which makes it the first stored-program electronic computer to work in continental Europe. The street it stands on is now named after Lebedev. See Soviet and Russian Computing. Status: institute grounds, not a museum. Coordinates: 50.3463, 30.4887.

Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics. Prospekt Akademika Hlushkova 40, Kyiv 03187. Founded in 1962 out of the Academy’s computing centre, with Viktor Glushkov as director until 1982. Glushkov’s proposal for OGAS, a national computer network for economic planning, was drafted here and killed by the Ministry of Finance; Glushkov’s team also built the MIR machines from 1965, small computers for engineering calculations that handled fractions, polynomials and derivatives in hardware and were driven with a keyboard, a screen and a light pen. See OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was. Status: active research institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Coordinates: ≈50.3638, 30.4457.

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United Kingdom

Historic Sites

Bletchley Park. Sherwood Drive, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, MK3 6DS. The wartime home of British codebreaking, where Alan Turing and colleagues broke Enigma and where the Colossus machines attacked the Lorenz cipher. Status: museum and heritage site, open to the public. Coordinates: 51.9975, -0.7411.

The Manchester Baby site. Coupland Building 1, Bridgeford Street, University of Manchester, M13 9PL. On 21 June 1948 the Small-Scale Experimental Machine ran the first program held in addressable read-write electronic memory. See The Manchester Baby. Status: active university building. Two IEEE Milestone plaques and a blue plaque are mounted on the rear wall of the building, to the right of an entryway; the Baby milestone was dedicated on 21 June 2022, on the anniversary of the run. Coordinates: 53.4665, -2.2350.

A working replica is on display at the Science and Industry Museum, Liverpool Road, Manchester. Replica coordinates: 53.4773, -2.2547.

Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill. 151 Brook Road, London NW2 7DW. The Post Office moved its research work to Dollis Hill in 1921 and opened the permanent buildings in 1933. Here Tommy Flowers designed and built Colossus in 1943; the prototype went to Bletchley Park on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February. The station also produced ERNIE in 1957 and the Prestel viewdata service, and moved to Martlesham Heath in Suffolk in 1975. Status: the main block is Grade II listed and converted into flats as Chartwell Court, a private gated estate. English Heritage put up a blue plaque in 2023 on the side of the building visible from the back road, which is called Flowers Close. Coordinates: 51.5616, -0.2383.

Museums

The National Museum of Computing. Within the Bletchley Park estate, Milton Keynes, MK3 6DS. Opened in 2007 in Block H, the first purpose-built computer centre in the world, it holds what it calls the largest collection of working historic computers in the world, including the Colossus rebuilt by Tony Sale’s team over fourteen years from 1993 and the Harwell Dekatron (WITCH) of 1951, the oldest original working digital computer. Coordinates: ≈51.9977, -0.7430. Web: tnmoc.org.

The Centre for Computing History. Rene Court, Coldhams Road, Cambridge, CB1 3EW. Opened in its Cambridge premises in 2013, a hands-on museum of computers, video games and the social history of the technology. Coordinates: 52.2079, 0.1488. Web: computinghistory.org.uk.

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United States

Historic Sites

HP Garage. 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California. In 1938 Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard began building audio oscillators in this one-car garage; they formed Hewlett-Packard in 1939 with $538 and a coin toss. Status: owned by HP as a private museum, not open to the public but viewable from the street; California Historical Landmark #976 (“Birthplace of Silicon Valley”), on the National Register of Historic Places since 20 April 2007. Coordinates: 37.4430, -122.1546.

Physics Hall, Iowa State University. 2323 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa. John Vincent Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics, and his graduate student Clifford Berry built the Atanasoff-Berry Computer in the basement of this building between 1939 and 1942: binary arithmetic, vacuum tubes for the logic, and a rotating drum of capacitors that was refreshed continuously so the charge would not leak away. Nobody could get it out again, and it was dismantled in the late 1940s when the department wanted the storage space. Status: active university building. A campus marker, “Birthplace of the Computer”, stands south of it; the IEEE dedicated a Milestone plaque in April 1990, and the computer science building was renamed Atanasoff Hall in 1988. An Ames Laboratory team rebuilt the machine between 1994 and 1997 and ran it on 8 October 1997; that replica sat in the lobby of the Durham Center and went to the Computer History Museum in 2010. Coordinates: 42.0294, -93.6474.

Moore School of Electrical Engineering. 200 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ENIAC was built here under a contract signed on 5 June 1943 and dedicated on 15 February 1946, then shut down on 9 November 1946 and moved to the Ballistic Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where it was running in 1947. The Moore School Lectures of summer 1946, the first course anywhere on how to build a computer, were given in the same building. Status: active university building. Four of the machine’s forty panels and a function table are on display on the ground floor, near the room where it stood; the IEEE dedicated an ENIAC Milestone plaque in September 1987. Other panels are at the Smithsonian, the Computer History Museum, Fort Sill and the University of Michigan. Coordinates: 39.9524, -75.1905.

Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. 391 San Antonio Road, Mountain View, California. William Shockley set up his laboratory here in 1955 and opened for business in 1956, making the first silicon devices built in the valley that later took silicon’s name. Eight of his staff, among them Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, left in 1957 to found Fairchild Semiconductor. Status: the original building is gone and a shopping and housing development, The Village at San Antonio Center, occupies the site; an IEEE Milestone plaque, “Birthplace of Silicon Valley, 1956”, is mounted on the office building facing San Antonio Road. Coordinates: 37.4048, -122.1109.

Fairchild Semiconductor. 844 East Charleston Road, Palo Alto, California. Founded on 1 October 1957 by the eight who had walked out on Shockley. Jean Hoerni’s planar process and the first integrated circuit that could be manufactured commercially came out of this building. See The Integrated Circuit Revolution. Status: in commercial use; California Historical Landmark #1000, registered on 8 May 1991 as the “Site of Invention of the First Commercially Practicable Integrated Circuit”. Coordinates: 37.4216, -122.1033.

Jobs family garage. 2066 Crist Drive, Los Altos, California. The garage where the first Apple computers were assembled in 1976, though Steve Wozniak has said the garage’s role was later overstated: much of the real design work happened elsewhere. Status: private home, do not disturb the residents. Coordinates: 37.3403, -122.0689.

Homebrew Computer Club. Menlo Park and Stanford, California. The club first met on 5 March 1975 in Gordon French’s garage in Menlo Park, about thirty hobbyists around a borrowed Altair 8800. The second meeting moved to the Peninsula School in Menlo Park, later ones to an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, and from 1978 to the Stanford Medical School. Steve Wozniak handed out Apple I schematics at these meetings until Steve Jobs talked him into selling the design instead of giving it away. The club ran until December 1986. Status: French’s garage has no reliably documented street address, so only the SLAC site is pinned here; SLAC is a national laboratory with restricted access. Coordinates (SLAC): ≈37.4201, -122.2056.

Google’s first office. 232 Santa Margarita Avenue, Menlo Park, California. Susan Wojcicki bought this house in 1998 and rented the garage to Larry Page and Sergey Brin for $1,700 a month; Google was incorporated on 4 September 1998 while the company worked out of it. Status: private house, viewable from the street. Coordinates: 37.4580, -122.1637.

Xerox PARC. 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, California. The lab where the graphical user interface, the Alto, Ethernet and the laser printer took shape in the 1970s. See The Xerox PARC Revolution. Xerox announced in April 2023 that it would donate the lab to SRI International; the handover took effect on 18 January 2024, and PARC now works as SRI’s Future Concepts division. Status: active research site, not a public museum. Coordinates: 37.4027, -122.1486.

Bell Labs, Murray Hill. 600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, New Jersey. The first working transistor was demonstrated here in 1947; the site also produced Unix, C and information theory. See Bell Labs: The Idea Factory. Status: active laboratory, now owned by Nokia, with a small on-site technology showcase; Nokia is moving the Bell Labs headquarters to a new building in New Brunswick, New Jersey, due for completion at the end of 2027. Coordinates: ≈40.6842, -74.4012.

Boelter Hall, Room 3420, UCLA. 580 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California. On 29 October 1969 Charley Kline tried to send the first message over the ARPANET from this room; the system crashed after two letters, “LO”. See the first ARPANET message. Status: the room has been restored as the Kleinrock Internet History Center. Coordinates: 34.0693, -118.4433.

MIT Building 26. 60 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Home in the late 1950s to the TX-0, on which members of the Tech Model Railroad Club (whose clubroom was in the now-demolished Building 20 nearby) gave the word “hacker” its computing sense. See The Hacker Culture. Status: active university building. Coordinates: 42.3601, -71.0901.

MITS. 6328 Linn Avenue NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico. MITS moved into this building in 1973, and here Ed Roberts and Bill Yates designed the Altair 8800 that ran on the cover of the January 1975 Popular Electronics, on newsstands from 19 December 1974. Paul Allen and Bill Gates wrote Altair BASIC for the machine and founded Microsoft in Albuquerque in 1975. Pertec bought MITS in a deal completed in May 1977 and the brand disappeared. Status: commercial building. Coordinates: 35.0777, -106.5768.

Arlington Hall. 4000 Arlington Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia. The US Army took over this women’s junior college on 10 June 1942 and made it the home of the Signal Intelligence Service, which broke Japanese systems including PURPLE and, from late 1946, read Soviet cable traffic in what became the Venona project. Much of the workforce were women recruited from colleges and teaching jobs. Army intelligence stayed until the summer of 1989, then moved to Fort Belvoir. Status: the eastern part is the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center, the western part the Army National Guard’s Herbert R. Temple Jr. Readiness Center; the National Park Service found the site eligible for the National Register of Historic Places on 7 October 1988, but it has never been formally listed. Coordinates: 38.8698, -77.1036.

US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory (NCR Building 26). Patterson Boulevard at Stewart Street, Dayton, Ohio. The Navy set up the laboratory in the National Cash Register company’s Building 26 in November 1942. Under Joseph Desch, about 600 WAVES, 100 Navy officers and enlisted men and a civilian workforce built the 120 American Bombes used against the German naval Enigma; the finished machines ran at the Naval Communications Annex in Washington. See Alan Turing and the Enigma. Status: the University of Dayton demolished Building 26 in January 2008. The IEEE Milestone plaque, dedicated in October 2001, can be seen at Carillon Historical Park, 1000 Carillon Boulevard, in front of the WAVES cabin. Coordinates (plaque): 39.7289, -84.1982.

Sugar Camp. Near the corner of Far Hills and Schantz Avenues, Oakwood, Ohio. NCR built sixty four-person cabins here in 1934 as a summer training camp for its salesmen. From April 1943 the cabins housed the WAVES working a mile away in Building 26; at the peak twelve women shared a cabin and slept in shifts, because the Bombe assembly ran three shifts a day, six days a week. The camp had a dining hall, classrooms, a swimming pool and a baseball diamond, and none of the women were allowed to say what they did. Status: the camp is gone. Cabin 22, the last one, was moved to Carillon Historical Park and dedicated there on 6 June 2004, the sixtieth anniversary of D-Day. Coordinates (cabin at Carillon Park): 39.7282, -84.2009.

Naval Communications Annex. 3801 Nebraska Avenue NW, Washington, DC. The Navy bought the campus of the Mount Vernon Seminary, a girls’ school that had been here since 1917, for $1.1 million on 20 July 1943 and moved its codebreaking organisation in. The Bombes built in Dayton ran here, operated around the clock by WAVES, and the site later housed the first headquarters of the National Security Agency, from 1952 to 1957. Status: the Nebraska Avenue Complex became the headquarters of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 and most staff left in 2019; it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 10 August 2016 and is being processed for sale or transfer. Coordinates: 38.9391, -77.0846.

Museums

Computer History Museum. 1401 N. Shoreline Boulevard, Mountain View, California. It claims the largest collection of computing artifacts in the world and descends from the Digital Computer Museum, opened in Massachusetts in 1979 and renamed The Computer Museum in Boston in 1982; the successor organisation moved into its Mountain View building, a former Silicon Graphics site, in 2002. Coordinates: 37.4143, -122.0774. Web: computerhistory.org.

Computer Museum of America. 5000 Commerce Parkway, Roswell, Georgia. Built on Lonnie Mimms’s private collection, it opened in July 2019 (timed to the fiftieth anniversary of the Moon landing) and was renamed the Mimms Museum of Technology and Art. Coordinates: 34.0384, -84.3394. Web: mimmsmuseum.org.

National Cryptologic Museum. 8290 Colony Seven Road, Annapolis Junction, Maryland. Run by the NSA and open to the public since 16 December 1993, with free admission. Its holdings include German Enigma machines visitors may operate, a Cray Y-MP, and the one surviving US Navy Bombe of the 120 built in Dayton. See Alan Turing and the Enigma. Coordinates: 39.1149, -76.7747. Web: nsa.gov/museum.

Intel Museum. Robert Noyce Building, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054. Intel opened the museum at its headquarters on 13 February 1992 and tripled its size in 1999. It explains how chips are made and tells the company’s history since 1968; exhibits include an original IBM PC with its Intel 8088, 8080 boards and a row of silicon wafers growing in diameter. Status: free, open Monday to Friday, 9:00 to 17:00, no reservation needed for individual visitors. Coordinates: 37.3878, -121.9634. Web: intel.com.

Qualcomm Museum. 5775 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, California 92121. Qualcomm opened a 4,800-square-foot museum in its headquarters in 2010, built around a “What If?” theme and showing early CDMA products alongside the company’s later mobile chips. Status: the campus has controlled access and publishes no public opening hours; visits happen as arranged group tours, such as those run for IEEE student members in 2025. Coordinates: ≈32.8959, -117.1958.

Living Computers: Museum + Labs (closed). 2245 First Avenue South, Seattle, Washington. Paul Allen’s collection opened to the public on 25 October 2012 and held one supercomputer, seven mainframes, ten minicomputers and more than three dozen microcomputers, many of them kept running rather than shown behind glass. It closed in February 2020 and never reopened; the Allen estate announced the permanent closure in June 2024. Christie’s auctioned part of the collection between 23 August and 12 September 2024 for $3,635,982, and the rest went to the Interim Computer Museum in Tukwila, Washington, and to the Mimms Museum in Roswell, Georgia. Coordinates: 47.5825, -122.3347.

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📚 Sources

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• The Vienna Circle’s home was in Boltzmanngasse: IQOQI Vienna; meetings from 1924 to 1936 in a ground-floor seminar room of Boltzmanngasse 5, every second Thursday, 12 to 20 participants, Gödel as youngest member, today the Faculty of Physics.
• Gedenktafel Kurt Gödel (Josefstädter Straße): Wien Geschichte Wiki; Josefstädter Straße 43–45, plaque unveiled 23 February 2007, inscription with the years 1930 to 1937.
• Kurt Gödel in Wien: Kurt Gödel Research Center; Gödel’s Vienna addresses and plaques.
• Poster-Retrospektive „60 Jahre Mailüfterl" im Campus Gußhaus: TU Wien; Mailüfterl built at the former Institut für Niederfrequenztechnik in the Gußhausstraße.
• Heinz Zemanek and the Curious Story of the “Mailüfterl”: TU Wien Informatics; Zemanek at the TH Wien from 1947 to 1961, the machine at the Technisches Museum since 1973.
• IBM Labor Wien: AEIOU Österreich-Lexikon; founded 1961 as a project of the Böblingen laboratory, independent 1964, PL/I definition and VDM, about 120 employees from 1975, closed 1994.
• IBM Laboratory Vienna: Wikipedia; Vienna Definition Language, Vienna Development Method, Lucas, Jones and Bjørner.
• Erinnerungen an Heinz Zemanek (1920-2014): Bertal Dresen and former lab staff; the laboratory on the fourth floor of an insurance building on the Ring, Zemanek’s office on the Parkring.
• Ars Electronica: Wikipedia; first festival September 1979 and its four founders, Prix Ars Electronica from 1987, center opened 1996, reopened 2 January 2009 at about €30 million.
• 1. Österreichisches Computermuseum Wildendürnbach: Museumsmanagement Niederösterreich; address, 400 m², over 1,000 computers, opening hours.
• „Historische" Computer als Lebensaufgabe: ORF Niederösterreich; Erich Zieger, 1,200 working machines, the third-largest claim, the move to Wildendürnbach in 2021.
• 1. Österreichisches Computermuseum: Verein Viele; founded 1996 in Poysdorf by Erich K. Zieger, the 600 m² exhibition in Bad Pirawarth.
• The legacy of the ugly duckling: Pesquisa FAPESP; Zezinho as a 1961 ITA teaching machine that did no computing work in practice, presentation on 24 July 1972, the unplugged demonstration, Glen Langdon Jr., the G-10 and Cobra’s MC 500.
• Patinho Feio: Wikipedia; built 1971–1972 at the Escola Politécnica, 8-bit, 8 KB, 2 µs cycle.
• The B-205 at PUC-Rio: History of the first computer to operate in a Brazilian university: Margarida de Souza Neves and Silvia Ilg Byington, Núcleo de Memória da PUC-Rio, 2012 IEEE paper; the DC-6 flight and army escort, the 150 m² ground-floor room on the colonnade of the only building, the inauguration of 13 June 1960 with Kubitschek and Montini, the “Inauguration of Brasília” demonstration, the B-200 of 1965, the machine’s disappearance.
• Burroughs Datatron B-205: o primeiro computador do Brasil: PUC-Rio Department of Informatics; the CNPq consortium, about a million dollars, 1,600 double triodes, 4,000 ten-digit words, the department in 1965.
• Rotas da Gávea: Edifício Cardeal Leme: Núcleo de Memória da PUC-Rio; first building on the Gávea campus, inaugurated 17 July 1955, named Cardeal Leme since 1968.
• Zezinho: Wikipédia; the four ITA students of 1961, Tien Wei Chu, eight memory positions of eight bits, the stylus and lamps, Setzer’s 1963 power supply, cannibalisation.
• Fragmentos do Zezinho no Memorial Aeroespacial Brasileiro: Pulsar Imagens, photograph by Daniel Cymbalista, June 2019 (image 12DC285); fragments on display at the MAB in São José dos Campos.
• Museu do Computador: Wikipédia; founded 1998 by José Carlos Valli after COMDEX, Interlagos 2005–2008 and 10,000 visitors, Santa Ifigênia 2010, collection highlights.
• Reinauguração do Museu do Computador: Faculdade Impacta; reopening on 16 August 2022 at Impacta.
• Museu do Computador & Futuro da Tecnologia: MuseusBr national register; Avenida Rudge 315, about 25,000 items, Saturday hours.
• História do Museu: Museu de Computação, ICMC-USP; Odelar Leite Linhares and the calculation-instruments museum, rooms 4002 and 4004, opened 10 June 2014, hours.
• Museu da Computação é reinaugurado: UFRJ; address, first opening 2017, reopening 17 June 2026, CNPq funding.
• Exposição Permanente: Museu da Computação da UFRJ; the 1973 floating-point processor, the 1974 8008 terminal, the TB-110.
• Museu Capixaba do Computador: Quem Somos and MuseusBr entry: founding story, 2022 opening, address, about 800 items, hours.
• Museu de Informática e Computação: UFG Museu de Ciências; started 2017, travelling version 2018, games section 2022, hours.
• Ferut: project site; arrival 30 April 1952, the Burton Wing of the old physics building (now the Sandford Fleming Building), replacement by an IBM 650 in 1958 and transfer to the NRC.
• 1907: Sandford Fleming Building: University of Toronto Libraries; built 1907 as the physics laboratory at 10 King’s College Road, renamed in 1967 when physics moved to the McLennan Physical Laboratories.
• UTEC: Wikipedia; Computation Centre prototype, fully operational 1 October 1951, Worsley, Kates, Stanley and Ratz.
• The story behind the first computer in Canada: Spacing Toronto; the Ferut name, the Saint Lawrence Seaway calculations.
• Canada Science and Technology Museum: Wikipedia; St. Laurent Boulevard address, opened 16 November 1967, reopened 17 November 2017, DRTE Computer donated 1968.
• Bertie the Brain: Wikipedia; CNE 25 August to 9 September 1950, four metres, Additron, dismantled afterwards. Meet Bertie the Brain: Spacing Toronto; built in Leaside, the CNE’s Electrical Building, Kates’s quote on preservation.
• 1967: A Chronology of Computing at the University of Waterloo: University of Waterloo; MC building opened May 1968, the Red Room, WATFOR’s 45-card job in under ten seconds, Hopper Award 1972. The Red Room: UW Computer Museum; two-storey glass-walled centre, 1967 to 1999, the 360/75 console in DC 1316. Mathematics and Computer turns 50: Don Cowan on the computer counted as furniture.
• NDHQ Carling: Wikipedia; BNR 1971, 42 engineers to 800, peak of about 10,000, sale for CA$208 million, DND move from January 2017. Carling Campus Project (Nortel): Public Services and Procurement Canada; purchase in December 2010 for $208 million. Nortel: Wikipedia; creditor protection filed 14 January 2009.
• RIM’s Lazaridis: “We transformed the way people communicate”: The Globe and Mail; three-room office above a bagel shop at 55 Erb Street East, desks from Canadian Tire doors. BlackBerry Limited: Wikipedia; incorporated 7 March 1984.
• McGill School of Computer Science: Wikipedia; move into the McConnell Building in 1988, Archie by Emtage, Heelan and Deutsch. Archie (search engine): Wikipedia; released 10 September 1990, file names only, the name.
• Milestones: First Geographic Information System (GIS), 1962-1968: IEEE/ETHW; citation, 50 Sussex Drive, dedicated 11 August 2023. Milestone proposal: the original building gone and unlocated, the RCGS chosen for Tomlinson’s fellowship and Gold Medal.
• Visiting and About Us: UW Computer Museum; DC 1316, hours, free admission, founded 2010, 5,000+ objects, 1887 slide rule.
• York University Computer Museum: Lassonde School of Engineering; Keele Campus address. YUCoM: museum site; MCM and DATAR collections, Scott Library exhibition March 2026. About the Museum: YUCoM; established December 2002 by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. MCM/70: Wikipedia; Mers Kutt, built 1973, shipped autumn 1974.
• El primer computador digital en Chile: Aduana de Valparaíso, diciembre de 1961: Juan Álvarez Rubio, Bits de Ciencia (DCC, Universidad de Chile); arrival on the Imperial, the ALALC motive, Cabezas and Valdivia, SPS and the Buenos Aires tests, first floor of the customs building, start on 13 March 1962, 1402/1403 peripherals, the two-year backlog, Watson’s visit on 15 January 1962, the port-crane crashes. Edificio de la Dirección Nacional de Aduanas (Valparaíso): Spanish Wikipedia; architect Fernando Silva, art deco, corner of Avenida Errázuriz, coordinates. Dirección Nacional de Aduanas regresa a edificio de Plaza Sotomayor: Servicio Nacional de Aduanas; address Plaza Sotomayor 60.
• El primer computador digital universitario de Chile estaba en Beauchef: Universidad de Chile; ER-56 “Lorenzo”, over eight tonnes, 3,000 seven-digit words, paper tape, three-month installation, January 1963 press conference, the El Mercurio headline. Historia CEC: Universidad de Chile; CEC founded 17 August 1961 under Santiago Friedmann, the ER-56 of 1962 as the first computer for scientific and engineering applications.
• Allende’s Strange Plan to Connect Chile, Long Before the Internet: Americas Quarterly; the Opsroom on the eighth floor of CORFO’s headquarters, the October 1972 strike, destruction after the coup.
• How to Design a Revolution: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; the working Opsroom reconstruction at the Centro Cultural La Moneda.
• ¡Transmitiendo el primer paquete IP del Internet chileno!: Carlos Montes, La Tercera, 13 March 2022; Blanco Encalada 2120, second floor, early 1992, the team, 64 kbit/s satellite link to Maryland, 0.6-second round trip, .cl registered in 1987, Piquer as NIC Chile’s founder, first email over 300 bit/s modems with the Universidad de Santiago. La verdadera y real historia de Internet en Chile: Juan Andrés Valenzuela Jofré, 1996; UUCP email between the two universities, Chile on the Internet from January 1992.
• En Ingeniería UC el pasado tecnológico sigue presente: Ingeniería UC, 28 September 2015; Nussbaum’s museum, founded 2006, more than 50 objects, the ENDESA network simulator, IBM console, Macintosh, Atari, slide rule, the Lausanne inspiration. Historia: DCC UC; CECICO founded 1970, department 1983.
• Ari Lemmke: Wikipedia; FTP administrator at the Helsinki University of Technology who named the directory linux in September 1991.
• Suomen Tietokonemuseo: museum site; Varikkotie address, association since 1985, about 600 machines and 250 books.
• Secure Shell: Wikipedia; Ylönen at the Helsinki University of Technology, 1995 password-sniffing attack, freeware release July 1995, 20,000 users in fifty countries by the end of 1995.
• IRC History by Jarkko Oikarinen: Oikarinen’s own account; Department of Information Processing Science, University of Oulu, summer 1988, end of August 1988, first server tolsun.oulu.fi. Jarkko Oikarinen: Wikipedia; Sun-3 server, OuluBox, MUT.
• Tekniikan museo: Finnish Wikipedia; Viikintie 1, Vanhakaupunki, founded 1969, ESKO as a key collection item. Suomen ensimmäiset tietokoneet: Finnish Wikipedia; ESKO 1954–1960 at the Helsinki University of Technology, then the University of Helsinki, now at the museum; Ensi 1958, only the drum memory survives. ESKO, Suomen ensimmäinen tietokone: Agricola; transfer to the museum in 1970. Museum of Technology: museum site; opening hours and current exhibitions.
• The Finnish Museum of Games: Vapriikki; opened January 2017, partners, about 100 games from Afrikan Tähti to Angry Birds, period rooms, arcade. Finnish Museum of Games: Wikipedia; over 100,000 visitors by end of June 2017, 2015 crowdfunding (€85,860, 1,120 backers).
• Museo de Informática García Santesmases: museum site; opened November 2013, machines built at the UCM 1950–1975, free entry.
• Localización: Facultad de Informática UCM; street address in the Ciudad Universitaria.
• History of Google: Wikipedia; incorporation in the Menlo Park garage on 4 September 1998.
• Altair 8800 and Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems: Wikipedia; 6328 Linn NE from 1973, the January 1975 Popular Electronics issue on newsstands 19 December 1974, Pertec deal completed May 1977.
• Arlington Hall: Wikipedia; SIS, PURPLE, Venona, INSCOM departure 1989, National Register eligibility 7 October 1988 without listing.
• The “Code Girls” of Arlington Hall Station: National Park Service; the women cryptologists at Arlington Hall.
• Milestones: US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory, 1942-1945: IEEE; laboratory established November 1942, Desch, 600 WAVES, 120 Bombes, plaque dedicated October 2001.
• Building 26: Dayton Codebreakers; NCR Building 26 at Patterson Boulevard and Stewart Street, demolished January 2008.
• United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory Historical Marker: HMdb; plaque erected 2001, on view at Carillon Historical Park in front of the WAVES cabin.
• Boelter Hall’s Buried Secret: UCLA Newsroom; restoration of room 3420 as the Kleinrock Internet History Center.
• Living Computers: Museum + Labs: Wikipedia; Seattle address, opening 25 October 2012, permanent closure June 2024, Christie’s auction total and the split of the remaining collection.
• Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Wikipedia; founded 1956, Zhongguancun address, Model 103 (1958), Model 119 (1964), Model 111 (1972), spin-offs.
• Major events in computer science in China: Wikipedia; State Council approval of the preparatory committee on 25 August 1956, move to Zhongguancun February 1958, first 103 debugged August 1958.
• Lenovo and Liu Chuanzhi: Wikipedia; founding on 1 November 1984 by eleven ICT engineers with 200,000 yuan, first meetings in a guardhouse, name Legend until 2003.
• Alibaba, the house that Jack Ma built: The National; meeting of 21 February 1999 in the Lakeside Gardens apartment. Zhejiang Hupan Entrepreneurship Research Center: Wikipedia; the first eighteen employees at Lakeside Gardens, origin of the Hupan name. Jack Ma goes back to where it all began: Alizila; product teams sent back to the apartment.
• The Chinese clan networks behind the world’s biggest electronics market: Sixth Tone; factory relocation of September 1979, SEG formed from more than a hundred enterprises, Akihabara model, sale without purchase approval documents.
• 曲阜保存的103机源自复旦大学: Fudan University School of Computer Science; July 1964, Factory 738, serial 14, gift to Qufu after the 719 entered service. 孔子故里的"103"机: ScienceNet; transport on two trucks, teaching use, move to the library. 教师博物馆: museum site; address, reservation telephone, 103 on display. CCF认定第四批"中国计算机历史记忆": CCF; class-one recognition of the 103 at the China Teachers Museum, DJS-180 boards and DJS-130 drawings at UESTC.
• 电子科技博物馆: Chinese Wikipedia; address, opening on 28 September 2016, 1,800 square metres. 博物馆简介 and 参观预约办法: museum site; 15,000 objects, free entry, opening hours. 银河一号计算机: museum site; completed 22 December 1983 at NUDT, seven cabinets in a cylinder. CCF认定第五批"中国计算机历史记忆": CCF; Model 930 boards and core memory at UESTC.
• The Opening Ceremony of “the Course of Innovation” Exhibition of Wang Xuan Memorial Hall: Peking University; Founder Building, third and fourth floors, 20 January 2016, “Life Story” hall of 2007, donations by Chen Kunqiu. Wang Xuan (computer scientist): Wikipedia; 1937–2006, laser typesetting work from 1975.
• China Abacus Museum: Nantong government; opened 2004, 58 Haobei Road, collection figures, 2021 renovation, opening hours. World’s largest abacus museum in Nantong: China Daily; ivory, octagonal and wristwatch abacuses.
• CCF认定第七批"中国计算机历史记忆": CCF; Changcheng 203, BCM-III and DS-102A at the Hefei Zimuyuan Museum. 光辉的历史印记：中国计算机发展史与博物馆筹建: CCF; Tan Liya, the 2020 exhibition with Tsinghua University. 合肥子木园博物馆: museum directory; approval in March 2009, three halls, free admission.
• Regnecentralen: Danish Wikipedia; founded 12 October 1955 under ATV with 900,000 kr of Marshall Plan money, Bech, DASK from February 1958, GIER 1961, RC 4000 1968.
• DASK: DDHF wiki; built in the villa at Bjerregårdsvej 5 in Valby, 3.5 tonnes, official operation from January 1958, parts at Datamuseum.dk and in Helsingør.
• NEUCC: DDHF wiki; founded with IBM in 1965, Helms as first director, Nordic and Dutch mandate but mostly Danish use, 7090 → 360/75 (1970) → 370/165 → 3033 (1979), merged into UNI-C in 1985.
• The story behind DeiC: DeiC; NEUCC at DTU in Lyngby, the 7090 delivered July 1965 doubling Denmark’s computing capacity, RECKU (1970), RECAU (1971), UNI-C 1985.
• Debat: Danmarks første computer: Sjællandske Nyheder, reader’s essay; IBM offer of a 7090 worth 20 million kroner around 1963, 200 m² in Building 305, the effect on Regnecentralen and its “golden years” 1958–64.
• Danmarks første supercomputer fylder 60 år: Ingeniøren; DASK control desk, drum store and core memory at Danmarks Tekniske Museum, central cabinet in Smartphonemania.
• Danmarks Tekniske Museum: museum site; Fabriksvej 25, Helsingør, opening days.
• About ENIGMA: museum site; Øster Allé 3, the 1996 foundation of TDC and PostNord, the Enigma machine described as the oldest in the world.
• The re-opening of ENIGMA: Wonderful Copenhagen press kit; move to the former post office in 2017, reopening 25 February 2023, the four exhibitions including Arkadeum.
• Datamuseum.dk: Dansk Datahistorisk Forening; Charlottegårdsvej 1 in Hedehusene, collection scope, open on selected Sundays.
• CYCLADES: Wikipedia; Pouzin at IRIA, planning 1971, first demonstration November 1973, twenty nodes by 1976, CIGALE datagrams, Le Lann’s work with Cerf and Kahn, shutdown 1981.
• Voluceau, ancien site de l’Inria: Ville du Chesnay-Rocquencourt; Inria’s planned departure from the Rocquencourt site between 2028 and 2030.
• Musée des Arts et Métiers: Wikipedia; 60 rue Réaumur, founded 1794, Pascaline, arithmometer, Cray-2.
• Association pour un conservatoire de l’informatique et de la télématique: French Wikipedia; founded 24 January 1985, 12 rue Joseph Rey, collection figures, visits by appointment.
• TIFRAC: Wikipedia; pilot machine 1956, commissioned and named by Nehru in 1960, Narasimhan, in use until 1965.
• Indian Statistical Institute: Wikipedia; founding 17 December 1931, Amrapali in Baranagar 1953, HEC-2M 1956, URAL 1959, ISIJU-1 operational 1964. HEC-2M and History of Computer in ISI: ISI history pages; ordered 1954 from Letchworth, arrived February 1956, running by end of March, URAL received March 1958 and handed over February 1959. India’s first computers and the Cold War: The Caravan; Planning Commission and National Sample Survey work. ISI-JU computer commissioned 2 April 1966: Google Arts & Culture (ISI archive). Samarendra Kumar Mitra: Wikipedia; project start 1961.
• V. Rajaraman and the birth of computer science studies in India: Global Indian; IBM 1620 in August 1963, wall of the Western Laboratories, Huskey’s course, programme dates 1965, 1972, 1978. About the Department: IIT Kanpur CSE; first computer at an Indian educational institution, Kesavan.
• History of ECIL: ECIL; founding 11 April 1967, Sarabhai and Rao, Sanath Nagar and Moula Ali, TDC-12 1969, TDC-312 1971, System 332 1979, voting machines.
• C-DOT: the early days: Voice&Data; founding 25 August 1984, start in the Akbar Hotel, Chanakyapuri. Telecom: Sam Pitroda’s site; five hotel rooms, beds as desks, 425 staff by 1986. Akbar Bhawan: Wikipedia; hotel 1972 to April 1986, Ministry of External Affairs and South Asian University.
• Sona Tower IT Park: Sona Group; Millers Road, Texas Instruments 1985, satellite dish with uplink, VSNL earth station, later tenants.
• PARAM: Wikipedia; PARAM 8000 delivered August 1991, transputers, 64 and 256 nodes, exports. The little known story of India’s first indigenous supercomputer: The Better India; embargo, Bhatkar, 1988, three years. A success story: C-DAC; National PARAM Supercomputing Facility, Pashan headquarters.
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research: Wikipedia; founded 1 June 1945 by Homi Bhabha, Colaba campus inaugurated by Nehru 15 January 1962.
• Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century: Wikipedia; Olivetti’s company town, UNESCO inscription 1 July 2018.
• Programma 101: Wikipedia; designed by Perotto at Ivrea, about 44,000 sold at $3,200, ten machines at NASA for Apollo 11 planning.
• Calcolatrice elettronica pisana: Italian Wikipedia; CSCE founded March 1955, Fermi’s letter to the rector, 150 million lire, inauguration 13 November 1961 by Giovanni Gronchi, Olivetti’s Barbaricina laboratory, machine preserved in the Pisa museum.
• Museo degli Strumenti per il Calcolo: visit us: museum site; address at the Vecchi Macelli, opening hours.
• BESK: Swedish Wikipedia; Drottninggatan 95A in the old KTH premises, built 1950–1953, briefly the world’s fastest, retired 1966 and given to Tekniska museet.
• National Museum of Science and Technology (Sweden): Wikipedia; founded 1924, Djurgården building from 1936.
• Post Office Research Station: Wikipedia; Dollis Hill from 1921, permanent buildings 1933, Colossus, ERNIE, Prestel, move to Martlesham Heath 1975, conversion to Chartwell Court.
• Tommy Flowers blue plaque: English Heritage; 151 Brook Road NW2 7DW, plaque erected 2023, inscription.
• Colossus computer: Wikipedia; prototype delivered to Bletchley Park 18 January 1944, first message attacked 5 February 1944.
• Atanasoff–Berry computer: Wikipedia; built in the physics building basement 1939–1942, dismantled in 1948, 1997 replica, IEEE Milestone 1990.
• Milestones: Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 1939: IEEE; plaque citation and dedication in April 1990.
• Landscape Marker 16-03: Birthplace of the Computer: Iowa State University; marker text and its position south of Physics Hall.
• Department of Computer Science: History: Iowa State University; Physics building basement, Atanasoff Hall renamed 1988, replica in the Durham Center and its move to the Computer History Museum.
• ENIAC and Moore School of Electrical Engineering: Wikipedia; contract 5 June 1943, shutdown 9 November 1946, transfer to Aberdeen, Moore School Lectures, surviving panels and where they are.
• ENIAC, the General-Purpose Digital Computer, Is 80: IEEE Spectrum; Milestone designation of September 1987 and the plaque at the Moore School.
• Sugar Camp / WAVES Cabin 22 Historical Marker: HMdb; sixty cabins built 1934 near Far Hills and Schantz Avenues, 600 WAVES, cabin dedicated at Carillon Park 6 June 2004.
• The Navy WAVES’ Top-Secret Mission in Dayton: National Aviation Heritage Area; camp layout, WAVES arriving April 1943, twelve to a cabin sleeping in shifts, three shifts six days a week.
• Navy WAVES Building Decryption Bombes in Dayton, Ohio: National Park Service; Sugar Camp on Schantz Avenue, Building 26, the single surviving Bombe at the National Cryptologic Museum.
• Nebraska Avenue Complex: Wikipedia; Mount Vernon Seminary from 1917, Navy purchase 20 July 1943 for $1.1 million, NSA headquarters 1952–1957, DHS from 2002, National Register listing 10 August 2016.
• National Cryptologic Museum: Wikipedia; Annapolis Junction address, opened 16 December 1993, free admission, Enigmas, Navy Bombe, Cray Y-MP.
• Enigma Cipher Centre: Wikipedia; Święty Marcin 78, opened 25 September 2021, Cipher Bureau branch in the building, bomba and Zygalski sheet replicas.
• Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering: Wikipedia; BESM and Elbrus series, conversion to a joint-stock company in August 2009.
• Институт точной механики и вычислительной техники имени С. А. Лебедева РАН: Russian Wikipedia; Leninsky Prospekt 51 address.
• Polytechnic Museum: Wikipedia; founded 1872, computing collection with the Setun, Bunyakovsky’s abacus and Lukyanov’s hydraulic integrator.
• Политех, мастерские Кабакова и Булатова: какие новые музеи откроются в 2026 году: Vedomosti; reconstruction since 2013, opening announced for the second half of 2026, museum park already accessible.
• Setun: Wikipedia; built at Moscow State University in 1958 by Brusentsov under Sobolev, balanced ternary, fifty units from Kazan 1959–1965.
• MESM: Wikipedia; Feofaniya building at Akademika Lebedieva 19, test run 6 November 1950, first calculations 4 January 1951, state acceptance 25 December 1951.
• Інститут кібернетики імені В. М. Глушкова НАН України: Ukrainian Wikipedia; founded 1962, address on Prospekt Akademika Hlushkova, Glushkov as director until 1982.
• MIR (computer): Wikipedia; Glushkov’s engineering machines from 1965, symbolic arithmetic in hardware, keyboard, screen and light pen.
• Le premier musée de l’informatique en Belgique s’est ouvert à Namur: RTBF; opening on 27 October 2016 in a 1,200 m² former sports hall, about a thousand objects from four private collections, the Hollerith machine of 1888 and the first Bancontact terminal.
• Computer Museum Nam-Ip: Namur tourist office; Rue Henri Blès 192a, collection scope, opening hours and admission.
• Front Page: museum site; the four pioneer collections and the King Baudouin Foundation fund.
• Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company: Flemish heritage inventory; Francis Wellesplein 1, the 1882 factory, the Van Kuyck tower of about 1953, the company’s departure in 2006, city administration since 2009, protection in 2019.
• Vitold Belevitch: Wikipedia; work on the government computer from 1951, director of the Brussels computing centre from 1955, the 17-rack prototype and the 34-rack machine moved from Antwerp in 1957.
• A Little-Known Chapter in the History of Computing in Belgium: The Machine Mathématique IRSIA-FNRS: Springer, IFIP AICT; first stored-program computer designed and built in Belgium, BTMC, Manneback’s 1947 mission.
• Early Electronic Computing in Belgium: Analysis and Simulation of the IRSIA FNRS Mathematical Machine: FOSDEM 2026; separate program and data drums, floating-point unit, documentation archived by NAM-IP, open-source simulator.
• Premonstreit College: KU Leuven Heritage; Naamsestraat 61, Lemaître’s office from the 1930s, the Burroughs E101 of 1958 in the attic, the rector’s blessing, the May 1959 photograph, protection in 2009, plaque and bust.
• The Figure and Legacy of Monseigneur Georges Lemaître: Thomas Hertog, Pontifical Academy of Sciences; the E101 seen at the 1958 World’s Fair and carried by students to the attic, the university’s first computing centre.
• Georges Lemaître archives: UCLouvain; the E101 bought for the laboratory of astronomy and geodesy, preserved with the archives.
• Milestones: Rijndael and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 1995 - 1998: IEEE; citation, Milestone No. 290, dedication on 18 November 2025, Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, plaque in the courtyard with daytime access.
• IEEE Milestone for AES standard: COSIC, KU Leuven; Rijmen at COSIC and Daemen, design 1995 to 1998 from their doctoral research, use in TLS, IPsec, WPA3 and processors.
• Advanced Encryption Standard process: Wikipedia; fifteen submissions, Rijndael announced on 2 October 2000, FIPS 197 in November 2001.
• Lernout & Hauspie: Wikipedia; founding in 1987 in Ypres, Dragon Systems and Dictaphone, market value of almost $10 billion, the Wall Street Journal report of 8 August 2000, bankruptcy in October 2001, the Ghent sentences of 20 September 2010, coordinates.
• The Icarus Fall of Lernout & Hauspie: ITdaily; the Flanders Language Valley headquarters opened by Prince Philippe in 1999, Microsoft’s $45 million, the empty seven-storey tower.
• Ieper Business Park: Dutch Wikipedia; opening in November 1999, the seven-storey L&H building, later tenants including the police, the tower still vacant.
• History: Mundaneum; 1895 Repertory, 1920 Palais Mondial in the Cinquantenaire with about a hundred rooms, 1934 closure and Traité de documentation, 1993 move to Mons, 1998 museum by Schuiten and Peeters, UNESCO Memory of the World in 2013.
• Mundaneum: Wikipedia; Universal Decimal Classification, more than 12 million index cards, Otlet’s idea of consulting the collection from home.
• Computing and Communications Museum of Ireland: Wikipedia; founded 2010, Insight Centre / DERI Building at the University of Galway, coordinates.
• Computer & Communications Museum of Ireland: Galway Tourism; address at IDA Business Park, Lower Dangan, and the working exhibits.
• Milestones: WEIZAC Computer, 1955: IEEE; Pekeris and Estrin, the IAS drawings, arrival in Haifa on 26 December 1953, Thelma Estrin and Micha Kedem, plaque in the institute lobby.
• WEIZAC: Wikipedia; first calculation October 1955, 40-bit words, drum replaced by magnetic core, shutdown 29 December 1963, IEEE Milestone 5 December 2006.
• Hace 60 años la UNAM puso en marcha la primera computadora en AL: Gaceta UNAM; the IBM 650 started on 8 June 1958 in the basement of the Faculty of Sciences, Sergio Beltrán López and the Centro de Cálculo Electrónico, and UNAM’s first-in-Latin-America claim.
• 1957: o primeiro computador chegava ao Brasil: Embarcados; the Univac 120 bought by the São Paulo city government in 1957 for the water utility’s billing, which predates the UNAM machine.
• NUSSE: Store norske leksikon; Hysing, Amble and Evjen at SI, the APEXC copy, operation from March 1954 to 1961, NIM as the first program, Hassel and Frisch as users, the Astrophysical Institute and the move to SI’s building in 1956, the machine now at the Norsk Teknisk Museum.
• Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology: Wikipedia; Kjelsåsveien 143 and the 1914 founding.
• Science Park Exploration Museum: Hsinchu Science Park Bureau; address at No. 1 Keji 5th Road, the three floors of exhibits, free weekday opening.
• Coordinates verified via OpenStreetMap Nominatim unless marked ≈ (approximate).