All Articles
Every article in the encyclopedia, in alphabetical order. For a guided start, see the parts overview or the home page.
0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y
0–9
- 10,000 to 27 Million: The Linux Kernel's 2,700× Growth
- 123456: The Most Common Password After Every Major Breach
- 13 Employees, $1 Billion: The Instagram Acquisition
- $345 Million Per Employee: The WhatsApp Acquisition
- 4 KB to the Moon: The Apollo Guidance Computer
- 4.77 MHz: The IBM PC Ran on a Television Crystal
- 42: The Number With No Hidden Significance
- 4chan and Imageboard Culture
A
- A Program for a Machine That Didn't Exist
- A. Michael Noll and Ken Knowlton
- A* and Shakey the Robot
- Aaron Swartz: The Internet's Own Boy
- Accelerationism
- ACM: The Association for Computing Machinery
- Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine
- Ada: The Language the Pentagon Built
- Adele Goldberg and Smalltalk
- Adobe: The Creative Software Empire
- Adrian Lamo: The Homeless Hacker Who Reported Chelsea Manning
- Affective Computing: Machines That Read Feelings
- Africa's Tech Industry: Leapfrog, Mobile Money, and the Continent That Skipped the Landline
- Aho and Ullman: The Dragon Book
- AI Ethics and Algorithmic Bias
- AI in Clinical Practice
- AICA: Italy's Computing Society
- Alan Kay and Smalltalk
- Alan Perlis and the Epigrams on Programming
- Alan Turing and the ACE
- Alan Turing and the Enigma
- Alan Turing's 2:46 Marathon
- Albert Endres
- Albert Gonzalez: The Biggest Card Thief of the 2000s
- Alex Krizhevsky
- Alexandra Elbakyan and Sci-Hub
- Alexey Pajitnov and Tetris
- ALGOL: The Language That Taught Programming How to Teach Itself
- "Algorithm": A Word from the 9th Century
- Algorithmic Game Theory
- Alonzo Church and Lambda Calculus
- AlphaFold
- AlphaZero: World Chess Champion After 9 Hours of Self-Play
- AMD and the x86 Underdog
- Analog Computers
- Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript
- Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI
- Andrew Ng and AI Education
- Andrew Tanenbaum and MINIX
- Andrey Kolmogorov
- Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
- Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun
- Andy Grove and Intel
- Angry Birds: Rovio's 52nd Game
- Ann Hardy
- Anonymous and LulzSec: Hacktivism and the Mask
- Anthropic and Claude
- AOL's CDs: 50% of All CDs Manufactured in the World
- APL: The Language Written in Its Own Alphabet
- Approximation Algorithms
- Archive Team
- Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet
- ARPANET: Building the Network That Became the Internet
- Asian Computer Science Academia
- Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer
- August 2, 2018: Apple Reaches $1 Trillion
- Australia's Tech Industry: Atlassian, WiFi, and the Tyranny of Distance
- Australian Computer Society (ACS)
- Automata Theory and Computability
- Automation and the Future of Work
- Avi Wigderson
B
- Babbage vs. the Street Musicians: A War That May Have Cost Computing a Century
- BackRub: Google's First Name
- Barbara Liskov and Data Abstraction
- Barcodes and the UPC
- Barto and Sutton: Learning from Reward
- BASIC: The Language Built for People Who Didn't Want to Program
- BASIC: The Language That Democratized Programming
- BCS: The Chartered Institute for IT
- Beethoven's Ninth and the Birth of the CD
- Before the Computer: Mechanical Calculation
- Bell Labs: The Idea Factory
- Bennett and Brassard: Quantum Cryptography
- Benoit Mandelbrot and Fractals
- BGP: The Three-Napkin Protocol
- Bill Atkinson and HyperCard
- Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach
- Bill Gates and Microsoft
- Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
- Bioinformatics and the Human Genome
- BITNET, CSNET, and the Academic Networks
- BitTorrent: The Protocol
- Bjarne Stroustrup and C++
- Bluetooth
- Bob Metcalfe and Ethernet
- Bob Widlar and Analog Integrated Circuits
- Bob Yannes and the SID Chip
- Bram Cohen and BitTorrent
- Brazil's Market Reserve
- Brendan Eich and JavaScript
- Brewster Kahle and the Internet Archive
- Brian Kernighan and the Unix Tools
- Britannica and the CD-ROM Encyclopedias
- Bruce Schneier: The Public Intellectual of Security
- BULLRUN: The NSA's $250 Million Encryption Weakening Program
- Butler Lampson and Xerox PARC
- ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention
C
- C's Undefined Behavior: The Language Feature That Isn't a Feature
- Cadabra, Relentless, and the Bookstore That Became Everything
- Camillo and Adriano Olivetti
- Canada's AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution
- Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS)
- Capture the Flag: Hacking as a Sport
- Carl Adam Petri and Petri Nets
- CeBIT and the Age of the Computer Trade Fair
- Cellular Automata and Artificial Life
- Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
- Charles Babbage: The Visionary Architect
- Charles Bachman and the Integrated Data Store
- Charles Simonyi: From Bravo to Word
- Chatbots Before ChatGPT
- Chelsea Manning: The Analyst Who Leaked a War
- Chester Carlson
- China Computer Federation (CCF)
- China's Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier
- Christmas Day, 1996: Ruby 1.0
- Christopher Strachey: The Programmer Who Made a Computer Write Love Letters
- ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google's Bet on the Web
- Chuck Moore and Forth
- Chuck Peddle
- Chuck Thacker and the Alto
- Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet
- Claude Shannon and Information Theory
- Claude Shannon: The Juggling Mathematician of Bell Labs
- Clive Sinclair
- COBOL: The Language That Runs Banking
- Code Golf and Perl Golf
- Code Red: When Incumbents Panic
- Coding Theory and Error Correction
- Colossal Cave, Zork, and Interactive Fiction
- Comecon Computing: ES EVM and the Bloc That Copied IBM
- Commercial Unix and the Unix Wars: System V, Xenix, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX
- Compaq and the BIOS Clean-Room
- Computer Algebra Systems
- Computer Art and Generative Art
- Computer Science Education: Teaching the Machine
- Computer Science Firsts
- Computer Science Locations
- Computer Society of India (CSI)
- Computer Space: The First Arcade Game That Failed So Pong Could Succeed
- Computer Vision
- Computer-Assisted Proof
- Computing and Music Creation
- Computing in East Germany: Robotron and the Kombinate
- Computing in Popular Culture
- Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem
- "Considered Harmful": How a Title Change Launched a Meme
- Content Delivery Networks
- Content Moderation
- Cook and Levin: NP-Completeness on Two Sides of the Iron Curtain
- Cooley, Tukey, and the Fast Fourier Transform
- Copyright and IP in the Digital Age
- Craig Wright: The Man Who Said He Was Satoshi
- Crowdfunding and Kickstarter
- Crypto AG and Operation Rubicon
- Cryptography: The Secret Science
- Curt Herzstark and the Curta
- Cybersecurity: The Invisible War
- Cynthia Breazeal
- Czechoslovakia's Computing Industry: Svoboda, SAPO, and the Institute That Lost Its Founder
D
- Dan Bricklin and VisiCalc: The Killer App
- Dana Scott
- Danny Hillis and the Connection Machine
- Dark Patterns: Deceptive Design and the Consent Dialog
- Data Communication Prehistory: Telegraph, Morse, and Teletype
- Data Compression
- Data Science and the Notebook
- Data Structures: The Building Blocks of Computation
- Dave Cutler and Windows NT
- Dave Winer and RSS
- David Chaum and Digital Cash
- David Hilbert and the Entscheidungsproblem
- David May
- David Mills and NTP
- David Potter
- David Wheeler and the Closed Subroutine
- Dead End: Apple Newton
- Dead End: BeOS
- Dead End: Bildschirmtext
- Dead End: BlackBerry
- Dead End: Buying a Computer Industry (Unidata, the Fifth Generation, Alvey, and ESPRIT)
- Dead End: Cassette Tapes and Stringy Floppies
- Dead End: Centronics
- Dead End: DataPlay
- Dead End: Encarta
- Dead End: Flash & The Plugin Web
- Dead End: General Magic
- Dead End: Google Buzz
- Dead End: Google Glass & The First Wearable Wave
- Dead End: Google Reader
- Dead End: Google Stadia
- Dead End: Google Wave
- Dead End: Google+
- Dead End: Gopher, the Web That Almost Was
- Dead End: HD-DVD
- Dead End: Holographic Data Storage
- Dead End: IBM Millipede
- Dead End: IBM Stretch
- Dead End: IBM Watson Health
- Dead End: ILLIAC IV
- Dead End: Intel Itanium
- Dead End: Intel NetBurst
- Dead End: Intel Optane and 3D XPoint
- Dead End: Iridium
- Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo
- Dead End: Magnetic Bubble Memory
- Dead End: Microsoft Bob and Clippy
- Dead End: Microsoft's Mobile Failures
- Dead End: MMS, the Picture Message with a Toll Booth
- Dead End: Omnibus Computer Graphics
- Dead End: Orkut
- Dead End: OS/2
- Dead End: Osborne
- Dead End: Palm and the PDA
- Dead End: Pebble
- Dead End: PointCast and Push Technology
- Dead End: Second Life
- Dead End: Short Cases
- Dead End: Silicon Graphics
- Dead End: Skype
- Dead End: Sony ATRAC and MagicGate
- Dead End: Sun Microsystems
- Dead End: Symbian
- Dead End: Taligent
- Dead End: Teledesic, Globalstar and the First Satellite Internet
- Dead End: The Amiga
- Dead End: The Apple Pippin
- Dead End: The Cryotron
- Dead End: The Floppy Successor Wars
- Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432
- Dead End: The Mac Clones
- Dead End: The Semantic Web
- Dead End: The Transputer
- Dead End: The Vectrex
- Dead End: Token Ring
- Dead End: Verbmobil
- Dead End: Vine
- Dead End: VRML & The First Metaverse
- Dead End: Wang Labs
- Dead End: WAP and the Mobile Web
- Dead End: Web3 and NFTs
- Dead End: WordPerfect
- Dead End: Yahoo!
- DEC and the Minicomputer Era
- December 16, 1947: The Invention That Changed Everything
- December 2014: "Gangnam Style" Outgrew YouTube's View Counter
- Deep Blue and Computer Chess
- DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI
- DEHOMAG: IBM's German Subsidiary
- Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI
- Dennis Klatt
- Dennis Ritchie and the C Language
- Design Patterns and the Gang of Four
- Digital Maps and GIS
- Digital Photography and the Fall of Kodak
- Digital Rights Management: The Revocable Purchase
- Dijkstra's Algorithm Was Designed in 20 Minutes at a Café
- Dijkstra's Pen: Why a Computer Scientist Wrote by Hand
- Disinformation and Misinformation
- Distributed Systems: Consensus, CAP, and the Hard Problems
- Donald Bitzer
- Donald Davies
- Donald Knuth and the Art of Computer Programming
- Donald Knuth Has Not Used Email Since 1990
- Doom's Piracy Strategy: Copying Was the Marketing Plan
- Doug McIlroy and Unix Pipes
- Douglas Engelbart and the Mother of All Demos
- Douglas Lenat and Cyc
E
- Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars
- Ed Catmull
- Edgar Codd and the Relational Model
- Edmund Berkeley: Giant Brains and the Social Responsibility of Computing
- Edsger Dijkstra and Structured Programming
- Educational Technology: From Teaching Machines to AI Tutors
- Edward Feigenbaum and the Expert System
- Edward Fredkin
- Edward Snowden and the NSA
- Effective Altruism
- Eliezer Yudkowsky
- ELIZA: The Chatbot That Horrified Its Creator
- Elizebeth Smith Friedman: The Hidden Codebreaker
- Elk Cloner: The Fifteen-Year-Old Who Invented the Computer Virus
- Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry
- Email: The Killer App That Predated the Web
- Emil Post
- Emulation and Retrocomputing
- ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers
- Eponymous Laws of Computing
- Eric Yuan
- Erlang and the Actor Model
- ERMA and the Bank Computer
- Esoteric Programming Languages
- Estonia and Eastern Europe's Tech Industry: Digital Governance, Antivirus Pioneers, and the Game Studios
- Europe's Local Social Networks Before Facebook
- European Computer Science Academia
- EVE Online
- Evelyn Berezin
- Expert Systems and the First AI Winter
F
- Fabrice Bellard: FFmpeg, QEMU and the One-Man Project
- Family Ties
- Famous Leaks
- Famous Software Disasters
- February 3, 2011: The Day the Internet Ran Out of Addresses
- Federico Faggin and the Microprocessor
- Fei-Fei Li and ImageNet: The Dataset That Fed the Revolution
- Fernando Corbató and Time-Sharing
- File Systems: From FAT to ext to ZFS
- Five Rejections: How HP Passed on the Apple Computer
- Formal Methods and Model Checking
- France's Tech Industry: Minitel, State Ambition, and the Grande École Pipeline
- Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization
- Frank Rosenblatt: The Forgotten Pioneer of Neural Networks
- Fred Brooks and the Mythical Man-Month
- Friedrich L. Bauer
- From Carburetor to Code: The Computer in the Car
- From MRP to ERP: Software for the Factory
- From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age
- Fujio Masuoka and Flash Memory
- Fun Fact: "All Your Base Are Belong to Us" Came from a Bad Translation
- Fun Fact: Apple Designed a Touchscreen Phone in 1983
- Fun Fact: Google Recruited with an Anonymous Billboard
- Fun Fact: The Erdős Number
- Fun Fact: The Excel Error Behind an Austerity Argument
- Fun Fact: The Voice Stephen Hawking Refused to Upgrade
- Fun Fact: The Zip Drive's "Click of Death"
- Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science
- Fuzzy Logic
G
- Gabe Newell
- Game Engines: The Engine as a Platform
- Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management
- Gary Demos
- Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn't Take
- Gary McKinnon: The UFO Hacker and the Decade-Long Extradition
- Gary Starkweather
- Gene Amdahl and the System/360
- Geoffrey Hinton and Deep Learning
- Georg and Edvard Scheutz: The Printing Difference Engine
- Georg Nees and Frieder Nake
- George Boole and Boolean Logic
- George Dantzig and the Simplex Method
- George Hotz: geohot, the iPhone, and the PlayStation War
- George Stibitz and the Complex Number Calculator
- German Chapter of the ACM
- Germany's Computing Pioneers
- Germany's IT Industry
- Germany's IT Security Policy: From the Cipher Office to the State Trojan
- Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany
- Git: Named After Its Creator, Written in Ten Days
- Go: The Cloud-Native Language
- Gödel and the Incompleteness Theorems
- Google Tried to Sell Itself for $1 Million, and Was Refused
- Google: From Dorm Room to Digital Infrastructure
- Google's First Server Was in a Lego Case
- Gordon Bell: Architect of the Minicomputer
- Gordon Moore and Moore's Law
- Gorilla Glass: The Material Nobody Wanted Until Jobs Called
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- GPS and Satellite Navigation
- Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code
- Graph Algorithms
- Graphics APIs: OpenGL, DirectX, and Vulkan
- Gregory Chaitin
- Guido van Rossum and Python
- Günter von Gravenreuth and the Tanja Letters
- Gustav Tauschek: The Forgotten Inventor
H
- Hadley Wickham
- Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos
- HAL 9000: IBM Shifted One Letter Earlier
- Hans Peter Luhn
- Hans Uszkoreit and German Language Technology
- Hardware Description Languages
- Harold Cohen
- Hartmanis and Stearns: Measuring the Cost of Computation
- Hartmut Esslinger
- Hashing
- Haskell and Pure Functional Programming
- Hedy Lamarr and Frequency Hopping
- Heinz Billing
- Heinz Nixdorf
- Heinz Rutishauser
- Heinz Zemanek and the Mailüfterl
- "Hello, World!": The Origin of the Universal First Program
- Helmut Hölzer
- Helmut Schreyer: The Missed Electronic Age
- Henk Rogers
- Hennessy and Patterson: The Quantitative Approach
- Herbert W. Franke
- Herman Hollerith and the Punched Card
- Hewlett-Packard
- High-Frequency Trading
- Hopcroft and Tarjan: Depth-First Search and the Linear-Time Graph
- Horst Herold and Computerized Policing
- How We Use Computers
- Howard Aiken and the Harvard Mark I
- HTTP 418: The Error Code That Exists to Brew Nothing
- HTTPS Was Invented by Netscape
- Hubert Zimmermann and the Seven Layers
- Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch
- Hungary's Computing Industry: The M-3, the "Analyzers" of KFKI, and the Boy Who Watched the Ural
I
- I Love You: The Virus That Infected 10% of the Internet in 10 Days
- IBM: The Company
- IEEE Computer Society
- IFIP: Computing Across the Iron Curtain
- IITPSA: South Africa's IT Professional Society
- Ilya Sutskever and the GPT Series
- ImageNet: The Dataset That Proved Deep Learning Worked
- Index of People
- Index of Topics
- India's IT Industry
- Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ)
- Instant Messaging: From ICQ to Signal
- Intel Was a Memory Company
- Internet Law and Section 230
- Internet Memes
- Interviews and Oral Histories
- IRC: Internet Relay Chat and the Roots of Real-Time Messaging
- Ireland's Tech Industry: The Tax Rate, the Galway Plant, and the Business of Being Elsewhere's Headquarters
- Israel's Tech Industry: From Unit 8200 to Startup Nation
- Italy's Computing Industry: Pisa, Ivrea, and the Sale of 1964
- Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
J
- J.C.R. Licklider and the Intergalactic Network
- Jaan Tallinn
- Jack Dorsey, Twitter, and Square
- Jack Edmonds and the Good Algorithm
- Jack Kilby and the Integrated Circuit
- Jack Ma and Alibaba: China's Internet Pioneer
- Jack Tramiel and Commodore
- James Goodnight
- James Gosling and Java
- Japan's Computing Industry
- Japan's Digital Culture: Walkman, Tamagotchi, and the Galapagos Problem
- Java Was Named After a Cup of Coffee
- Jean Hoerni and the Planar Process
- Jean Sammet and COBOL
- Jeff Bezos and Amazon
- Jeff Dean and Google's Infrastructure
- Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI
- JIF: The Creator's Pronunciation the Internet Refuses
- Jim Gray and the Transaction
- Jim Warren and Jerry Pournelle
- Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia
- Joan Ball
- Jochen Liedtke and L4
- Joel Moses
- John Atanasoff and the ABC
- John Backus and FORTRAN
- John Carmack
- John Chambers
- John Cocke and the IBM 801
- John Draper: Captain Crunch and the Blue Box
- John Hopfield and Neural Networks
- John McAfee: From Antivirus Pioneer to Fugitive
- John McCarthy and LISP
- John Perry Barlow and the Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace
- John von Neumann
- John Warnock and PostScript
- John Whitney and Charles Csuri
- Jon Postel: The God of the Internet
- Jony Ive and Apple Design
- Joseph C. Wilson and Haloid
- Joseph Jacobson
- Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA
- Judea Pearl and the Causal Revolution
- Julian Assange: From "Mendax" to WikiLeaks
- "just setting up my twttr": The $2.9 Million Tweet
K
- Karen Spärck Jones and Information Retrieval
- Karlheinz Brandenburg and MP3
- Kateryna Yushchenko and the Address Language
- Kathleen Booth and the First Assembler
- Ken and Roberta Williams and Sierra On-Line
- Ken Sakamura and TRON
- Ken Thompson and Unix
- Kevin Kelly
- Kevin Mitnick: The Art of the Phone Call
- Kevin Mitnick: The Most Wanted Computer Criminal in America
- Kevin Poulsen: Dark Dante and the Radio Station Hack
- Killed by Google: The Product Graveyard
- Kim Polese
- Kim Schmitz (Kim Dotcom)
- Kolmogorov Complexity
- Konrad Zuse and the Z3
- Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE)
- Kotlin and Modern JVM Development
- Kryptos: The Cipher in the CIA Courtyard
L
- Larry Ellison and Oracle
- Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire
- Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect
- Larry Tesler and the War on Modes
- Larry Wall and Perl
- Latin America's Tech Industry: MercadoLibre, Nubank, and the Fintech Continent
- Lee Felsenstein
- LEO: The Bakery Computer
- Leonardo Torres Quevedo and El Ajedrecista
- Leslie Lamport and the Science of Distributed Systems
- Leslie Valiant and PAC Learning
- Link Rot and the Digital Dark Age
- Linus Torvalds and Linux
- Linux Was Named by Someone Other Than Linus Torvalds
- LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming
- "LO": The First Message Sent on the ARPANET
- Lore Harp McGovern and Vector Graphic
- Lotfi Zadeh
- Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC's Killer App
- Louis Pouzin and the Datagram
- LucasArts and the Point-and-Click Adventure
- Luis von Ahn and Human Computation
- Lynn Conway and the VLSI Revolution
M
- Machine Translation
- Manfred Mohr
- Manuel Blum: From Complexity to CAPTCHA
- Marc Andreessen and Netscape
- Marc Benioff and Salesforce
- Marcus Hutchins: The Accidental Hero of WannaCry
- Margaret Hamilton and the Apollo Software
- Mark Karpelès and the Fall of Mt. Gox
- Mark Weiser and Ubiquitous Computing
- Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook: The Social Network That Rewired Society
- Marvin Minsky and the MIT AI Lab: The Architect of Artificial Minds
- Mary Lou Jepsen
- Masayoshi Son and SoftBank
- Matt Blaze
- Maurice Wilkes and EDSAC
- McCulloch and Pitts
- MD5 Cracked in Under One Second: The Checksum Used as a Lock
- Michael Dell
- Michael Stonebraker and Postgres
- Microcomputers Made in West Germany
- Microsoft's 90% Fall and Return: The Ballmer Decade and the Nadella Recovery
- Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision
- Mistral
- Mitchell Baker and Mozilla
- MMORPGs and Virtual Worlds
- Mobile Gaming Before the Smartphone
- Mocha, LiveScript, JavaScript: The Name That Confused a Generation
- Monte Carlo Methods
- Moore's Law: What It Actually Said
- More COBOL Than Python: The Language That Refuses to Die
- Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service
- Mosaic: The Browser That Made the Web Mainstream
- Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It
- Move 37: The Move That Changed How We Think About Intelligence
- MS-DOS: The $75,000 Operating System That Built Microsoft
- Ms. Pac-Man and the Enhancement Kit
- Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
N
- Napster and the P2P Music Revolution
- NEC PC-98 and Japan's Domestic PC
- NetNoir and the Afrocentric Web
- Network Science and the Small World
- Newell and Simon: The Thinking Machines
- Nicholas Negroponte
- Nick Bostrom
- Niklaus Wirth and Pascal
- Nintendo: A Century of Play
- No Light: The Game Boy's Design Choice That Sold Accessories
- Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn't Become a Software Company
- Nolan Bushnell and Atari
- Norbert Wiener and Cybernetics
- Norman Abramson and ALOHAnet
O
- OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was
- Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming
- Online Censorship and Internet Freedom
- Operating System Concepts: Kernels, Processes, and Scheduling
- Outlaws and Provocateurs
P
- P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
- Package Managers and Dependency Hell
- Palmer Luckey
- Pardo and Landau: LANPAR and the Spreadsheet Patent
- Paul Allen: The Other Half of Microsoft
- Paul Baran and Packet Switching: The Network That Was Never Built
- Paul Graham and Y Combinator
- Paul Karger: Mr. High Assurance
- Paul Otlet and Emanuel Goldberg
- Peiter "Mudge" Zatko: The Hacker Who Warned Washington
- Percy Ludgate
- Peter Naur
- Peter Shor
- Peter Sunde and The Pirate Bay
- Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia
- Peter Weibel
- Pets.com: The $2 Million Ad for a Company That Lasted 268 Days
- Phil Katz and the Zip Format
- Phil Zimmermann and PGP: Privacy for the People
- PHP: The Language Built to Track a Resume
- PHP: The Web's Workhorse
- Pier Giorgio Perotto
- Pixar and Computer Animation
- PLATO and the Birth of Online Community
- PLC and Industrial Automation
- Poland's Computing Industry: Elwro, the Odra, and the Man Who Went to Breed Pigs
- Post-Quantum Cryptography
- Processing and Creative Coding
- Project Cybersyn: Chile's Cybernetic Dream
- Project Gutenberg and the E-Book
- Prolog and Logic Programming: When AI Spoke in Clauses
- Public Key Cryptography: The Mathematics That Secured the Internet
- Python and the Flying Circus: How a Comedy Show Named a Programming Language
Q
R
- R and Statistical Computing
- Radia Perlman and the Spanning Tree Protocol
- Ralph Baer and the Magnavox Odyssey
- Rana el Kaliouby
- Randomness in Algorithms
- Raph Koster
- Ray Kurzweil
- Ray Ozzie
- Ray Tomlinson
- Reading Paths
- Reaper: The First Antivirus Was Written to Fight the First Virus
- Recommendation Systems
- Recruiting by Puzzle
- Reed Hastings and Netflix
- Reflections on Trusting Trust
- Regnecentralen and GIER: Denmark's Computer Company
- Reinforcement Learning
- Ren Zhengfei and Huawei: From PLA Engineer to Global Telecom Giant
- Reverse Engineering and the Law
- Reversible Computing
- Richard Bartle
- Richard Bellman and Dynamic Programming
- Richard Garriott
- Richard Hamming
- Richard Karp and the 21 Problems
- Richard Stallman and GNU
- Right to Repair
- RISC vs. CISC
- Rivest, Shamir, Adleman and RSA
- Rob Pike: From Unix to Go
- Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor
- Robert Tappan Morris and the First Internet Worm
- Robin Milner: The Logician Who Shaped Programming
- "Robot": A Word Invented in a Play
- Robotics
- Rod Canion and Ben Rosen
- Roger Schell and Steve Lipner
- Rosalind Picard
- Ross Freeman and the FPGA
- Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
- Ross Ulbricht and the Silk Road
- Route 128: The Region That Lost to Silicon Valley
- Ruby and Rails
- Rudolf Kálmán and the Kalman Filter
- Ruja Ignatova: The Missing Cryptoqueen
- Rust: The Language That Solved C's Fifty-Year-Old Problem
S
- SABRE and Airline Reservation Systems
- SADIO: Argentina's Computing Society
- Sam Altman and OpenAI
- Sam Bankman-Fried and the Collapse of FTX
- Sam Pitroda and India's Telecom Revolution
- Samsung: From Dried Fish to the World's Memory
- Sandra Kurtzig
- SAP: The Enterprise Software Giant Europe Built
- SAT Solvers
- Satya Nadella and Microsoft's Transformation
- Scandinavian Participatory Design
- Scheme and SICP
- Schmidhuber, Hochreiter, and LSTM
- Scientific and Numerical Computing
- SEAC and Russell Kirsch
- Secure by Design: A History of Software Security Engineering
- Sega: The Console War It Lost and the Games It Won
- Semiconductor Fabrication
- Sergei Lebedev
- Setun: The Ternary Computer
- Seymour Cray and Supercomputing
- Seymour Papert and the Children's Machine
- Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali: Proving Cryptography Works
- SHARE and the First User Groups
- Shareware and Public Domain: Software Distribution Before the Internet
- Silicon Valley Philosophies: How Ideas and Machines Shape Each Other
- Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth
- Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That
- Singapore Computer Society (SCS)
- Small Computers of the 1950s
- Social Robots and AI Companions
- Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC)
- Software Supply Chain Security
- Software Testing and QA: The Discipline of Finding Bugs Before Users Do
- Solomonoff Induction and AIXI
- Sonic Team: Naka, Ohshima and Yasuhara
- Sony: From Rice Cooker to PlayStation
- Sophie Wilson and ARM
- South Korea's Tech Industry: Chaebol, DRAM, and the Miracle on the Han River
- Southeast Asia's Tech Industry: Grab, Gojek, and the Super-App Archipelago
- Soviet and Russian Computing: Parallel History, Divergent Fate
- Spacewar! Was the First Video Game to Spread Between Computers
- Spain's Computing Industry: From the Ajedrecista to the Golden Age of the Spectrum
- Spam: Named After a Monty Python Sketch
- Spectre, Meltdown, and Hardware Vulnerabilities
- Spectrum Auctions
- Speech Recognition
- Spreadsheet Errors
- SQL Was Called SEQUEL Until an Aircraft Manufacturer Objected
- SQL: The Query Language That Outlived Everything
- Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation
- Stack Overflow Was Founded Because of a Podcast
- Stephanie "Steve" Shirley and Freelance Programmers
- Stephen Kleene
- Stephen Wolfram
- Steve Gibson
- Steve Jobs and Apple
- Steve Wozniak: The Engineer's Apple
- Stewart Brand and the Whole Earth
- String Matching
- Stuxnet: The Cyberweapon That Used Four Zero-Days Simultaneously
- Sundar Pichai and Google
- "Surfing the Internet" Was Coined by a Librarian
- Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior
- Susan Kare and the Macintosh Icons
- Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era
- Switzerland's Tech Industry: Neutrality, Precision, and the Birthplace of the Web
- Symbolics.com: The First Domain Name Ever Registered
T
- Taiwan's Tech Ecosystem: OEM, ODM, and the Smiling Curve
- Tatu Ylönen and SSH
- Tech and Democracy / Elections
- Tech Labor Movements
- Ted Nelson and Hypertext: The Dream That Partially Came True
- Ten Days in May: How JavaScript Was Built Under Deadline
- Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model
- Tennis for Two: The Game Built to Impress Visitors
- The $16,595 Future: The Xerox Star
- The $432,500 Algorithm: AI Art at Christie's
- The $800 Exit: Apple's Third Founder Quit After Twelve Days
- The 414s: The Teenagers Who Made Congress Notice Hacking
- The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone
- The Agile Revolution: From Waterfall to Manifesto to Industry
- The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing
- The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution
- The Antivirus Industry
- The AOL Era
- The API Economy
- The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World
- The Atari ST
- The ATM
- The Attention Economy
- The Autonomous Vehicle Race: The Longest Last Mile in Technological History
- The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
- The Best-Selling Computer: Commodore 64
- The Big Data Revolution
- The Birth of Computer Science as a Discipline
- The Bookshelf
- The Browser Extension Ecosystem
- The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web's Front Door
- The BSD Family: The Open-Source Unix That Survived a Lawsuit
- The Busy Beaver Problem
- The Cambridge Ring
- The CGI Revolution
- The Chomsky Hierarchy: Grammar, Languages, and the Spine of Every Parser
- The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
- The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle
- The Commodity PC
- The Compiler Nobody Believed Would Work
- The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code
- The Computer Press
- The Computer Societies Movement
- The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web
- The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming
- The Container Revolution
- The Creator Economy
- The Crypto Wars of the 1990s
- The Cryptocurrency Revolution
- The Cypherpunks: From Chaum to Bitcoin
- The Database Revolution: From Filing Cabinets to the Relational Model
- The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud
- The Death Nobody Noticed: Dennis Ritchie, October 2011
- The Demo That Showed the Future, 40 Years Early
- The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form
- The Desktop Publishing Revolution
- The DevOps Revolution: Tearing Down the Wall Between Development and Operations
- The Digital Divide: Who Gets Computing and Who Doesn't
- The Digital Music Revolution
- The Digital Rights Movement
- The Domain Name System: The Internet's Phone Book
- The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash
- The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone
- The Embedded Systems Story: From ROM Firmware to Safety-Critical Software
- The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
- The Fax Machine
- The First Bug: A Moth in Relay 70
- The First Computer Love Letters: Manchester, 1952
- The First Computer Music: Australia, 1951
- The First Email: A Message Not Worth Reading
- The First Esports Champion Won John Carmack's Ferrari
- The First Personal Computers
- The First Photo on the Web Showed a CERN Comedy Band
- The Generative AI Revolution
- The Gig Economy and Technology
- The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of "Hello, World"
- The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence
- The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life
- The Hexadecimal Dollar: Donald Knuth's Bug Bounty
- The Hidden Room: The First Software Easter Egg
- The History of Cyberwar: When Code Became a Weapon
- The History of Desktop Environments
- The History of Displays
- The History of Green IT
- The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
- The History of Online Dating
- The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR
- The History of Passwords and Authentication
- The History of Printing
- The History of Sorting
- The History of Spam
- The History of Speech Synthesis
- The History of the Video Game Industry
- The History of Virtual Reality
- The History of Web Design
- The History of Wi-Fi
- The History of Word Processing
- The Home Computer Boom
- The IBM Mainframe Era: The Computer That Ran the World
- The IBM PC: The Open Architecture That Standardized Computing
- The IDE Wars
- The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World
- The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects
- The IPO That Started a Bubble: Netscape, August 1995
- The JavaScript Revolution
- The Jeep Cherokee Hack
- The JVM and Java Ecosystem
- The KGB Hack: Karl Koch, Markus Hess, and the Cuckoo's Egg
- The Knowledge Navigator
- The Limits to Growth and World3
- The Linker and Loader Story: The Invisible Tool That Assembles Programs
- The Linux Distributions: From Floppy Sets to Enterprise Subscriptions
- The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization
- The LLM Race (2022–)
- The Macintosh
- The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin
- The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
- The Memory Race Before Core: Delay Lines, Williams Tubes, and the Selectron
- The Memristor
- The Microprocessor Revolution
- The Microservices Revolution
- The Middle East's Tech Industry: Oil Money, Startups, and the Vision 2030 Bet
- The Missing Feature: The First iPhone Had No Copy-Paste
- The MIT Media Lab
- The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
- The Modem and the Carterfone Decision
- The Move That Wasn't Intelligence: Deep Blue's Accidental Genius
- The Multics Story
- The Myth: The Internet Was Designed to Survive Nuclear War
- The Natural Language Processing Revolution
- The Net Neutrality Battles
- The Netherlands' Tech Industry: Philips, ASML, and the Chokepoint
- The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
- The Next Y2K: January 19, 2038
- The Nordic Computer Societies
- The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North
- The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down
- The Open Hardware Movement: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the Democratization of Making
- The Open Letter to Hobbyists: The Day Software Became Property
- The Open Source Business Model
- The Open Source Movement
- The Open Source Revolution
- The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself
- The Original Emoji Are in the Museum of Modern Art
- The Patent Wars
- The PC Gaming Revolution
- The Personal Computing Explosion
- The Pez Dispenser Story eBay Never Happened
- The Philosophy of Programming Languages
- The Platform Antitrust Story
- The Platform Tax
- The Pocket Calculator
- The Podcast Revolution
- The Polish Cryptologists Who Broke Enigma
- The Portable Computer
- The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention
- The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
- The Raspberry Pi: Designed for Children, Bought by Adults
- The Remote Work Revolution
- The Reproducibility Crisis in Computational Science
- The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution
- The Rise of Developer Communities
- The Rise of Functional Programming
- The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
- The Rise of SaaS
- The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax
- The Rise of the Tech Giants
- The Rise of Version Control: From SCCS to Git and GitHub
- The Save Icon Is a Floppy Disk Nobody Has Seen
- The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
- The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
- The Singularity and Superintelligence
- The Smart Card
- The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
- The Software Crisis: How a 1968 Conference Named Computing's Permanent Problem
- The Space Shuttle's Two Software Teams That Were Forbidden to Communicate
- The Spreadsheet Revolution
- The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon
- The Story of Mel
- The Streaming Wars
- The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
- @ : The Symbol That Connected the World
- The Teletype ASR-33
- The Transformer: "Attention Is All You Need"
- The Transistor: The Invention That Made Everything Else Possible
- The Traveling Salesman Problem
- The Turk: The 18th-Century Chess Machine With a Human Inside
- The Typewriter and the Keyboard
- The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
- The Ultimate Machine: The Box That Turned Itself Off
- The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World
- The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds
- The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine
- The Von Neumann Architecture
- The Vulnerability Disclosure Debate: Full Disclosure, Responsible Disclosure, and the Bug Bounty Economy
- The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution
- The Weather Machine: What ENIAC Operators Were Told
- The Web's Inventor Gave It Away
- The White House Put Its Cat on the Web
- The Windows Story
- The Wooden Mouse: Douglas Engelbart's First Pointing Device
- The World's First Webcam Watched a Coffee Pot
- The Worm and the Accelerator: Robert Morris and Y Combinator
- The Xerox PARC Revolution
- The Y2K Crisis
- Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
- Tim Cook and Apple
- Tim O'Reilly
- Tim Sweeney
- Timeline: Before 1940
- Timeline: The 1940s
- Timeline: The 1950s
- Timeline: The 1960s
- Timeline: The 1970s
- Timeline: The 1980s
- Timeline: The 1990s
- Timeline: The 2000s
- Timeline: The 2010s
- Timeline: The 2020s
- Tom DeFanti
- Tommy Flowers and Colossus
- Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest
- Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming
- Top-Level Domains: Countries, Cash, and Ghost Domains
- Tor and Anonymity Networks
- Toru Iwatani and Pac-Man
- Triple-I: Information International
- TRON and the Academy's "Cheating" Verdict
- Turner Whitted and Ray Tracing
- Two Refrigerators and a Forklift: The First Hard Drive
- Two Waivers: Grace Hopper Joins the Navy at 37
- Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover
U
- Ukraine's Developer Ecosystem: From Outsourcing Hub to Wartime Resilience
- UML and the Three Amigos
- Unicode and UTF-8: The Long Road to a Universal Character Set
- UNIVAC and the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
- UNIVAC Called the Election Correctly, but CBS Hid the Result
- Unix Was Built to Play a Game
- USB: The Port for Almost Everything
- Usenet: The Original Online Community
V
- Valve and Steam
- Vannevar Bush and the Memex
- Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry
- Vera Molnár
- Videotex: Prestel, Minitel and the Viewdata Era
- Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet
- Virginia Rometty
- Volunteer Computing
- Volunteer-Maintained Infrastructure
- Von Neumann's Memory: The Human Calculator
- Voting Machines and the Paper Trail
W
- Wang Yongmin and the Chinese Input Wars
- Ward Cunningham and the Wiki: The Simplest Thing That Could Possibly Work
- Watson's $947 Bet: IBM's AI on Jeopardy
- Wau Holland: Conscience of the Chaos Computer Club
- Weather and Climate Modeling
- WebAssembly
- Whirlwind, SAGE, and Core Memory
- Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman: The Key Exchange That Unlocked the Internet
- Why Amazon Started With Books
- why the lucky stiff
- Why USB-A Plugs In Only One Way
- Wi-Fi Doesn't Stand for Anything
- Will Wright
- William Kahan and IEEE 754
- William Shockley
- Wolfgang Wahlster
- Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers