Timeline: The 2000s

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2000

• Sony v. Connectix rules the emulator itself lawful. → Emulation and Retrocomputing
• AOL merges with Time Warner for $165 billion. → The AOL Era
• Bill Joy publishes “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us”. → Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
• Blum and von Ahn create the CAPTCHA. → Manuel Blum: From Complexity to CAPTCHA
• Breazeal’s thesis Sociable Machines establishes social robotics as a field; Kismet goes on display in the MIT Museum. → Cynthia Breazeal
• Chris Lattner begins LLVM as a University of Illinois project. → LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming
• Eric Brewer conjectures the CAP theorem; Gilbert and Lynch prove it in 2002. → Distributed Systems: Consensus, CAP, and the Hard Problems
• Gibson defines “spyware” and releases OptOut, the first program to remove it. → Steve Gibson
• Microsoft announces C#, with Hejlsberg as lead architect. → Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript
• Salesforce launches its web API. → The API Economy
• Son briefly holds the world’s largest paper fortune, then loses about $59 billion in the crash. → Masayoshi Son and SoftBank
• The Nasdaq crash begins; $5 trillion in market value is destroyed by 2001. → The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash
• The first Perl Golf Apocalypse is played at the fourth Perl Conference in Monterey. → Code Golf and Perl Golf
• Verbmobil’s final evaluation: the statistical engine from RWTH Aachen errs on 29% of sentences, the hand-built semantic transfer engine on 62%. → Dead End: Verbmobil
• 1 January passes with almost no Y2K failures after $300–600 billion of remediation. → The Y2K Crisis
• R 1.0.0 is released on the leap day. → Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
• R 1.0.0 ships on 29 February, a leap day. → R and Statistical Computing
• Cisco is briefly the world’s most valuable company in March. → Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet
• Phil Katz, creator of the zip format, is found dead in April at 37. → Phil Katz and the Zip Format
• Clinton switches off Selective Availability on 1 May; civilian GPS accuracy improves tenfold. → GPS and Satellite Navigation
• Winer’s RSS 0.92 adds the enclosure element that makes podcasting possible. → Dave Winer and RSS
• Sonic Team releases Phantasy Star Online for the Dreamcast, the first online role-playing game on a home console to find a large audience. → Sonic Team: Naka, Ohshima and Yasuhara

2001

• Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within loses $137 million in the uncanny valley. → The CGI Revolution
• Bram Cohen releases BitTorrent. → Bram Cohen and BitTorrent
• Chaff’s two-watched-literals scheme makes SAT solving industrial. → SAT Solvers
• Creative Commons is founded. → Copyright and IP in the Digital Age
• Dahl and Nygaard share the Turing Award. → Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming
• Microsoft’s Xbox enters the console war. → The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming
• Sega exits the console business after the Dreamcast. → Sega: The Console War It Lost and the Games It Won
• The iPod ships. → Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest
• JetBrains’ IntelliJ IDEA (January) and IBM’s Eclipse both appear. → The IDE Wars
• Wikipedia launches on 15 January. → Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia
• Seventeen developers write the Agile Manifesto at a Utah ski resort in February. → The Agile Revolution: From Waterfall to Manifesto to Industry
• Berners-Lee’s Scientific American article proposes the Semantic Web. → Dead End: The Semantic Web
• Intel launches Itanium on 29 May, three years late. → Dead End: Intel Itanium
• A court order shuts Napster down in July. → Napster and the P2P Music Revolution
• The Wayback Machine opens to the public in October with more than 10 billion archived pages. → Brewster Kahle and the Internet Archive

2002

• AOL peaks at 26.7 million subscribers. → The AOL Era
• Bezos’s API mandate makes Amazon service-oriented. → The Microservices Revolution
• Bill Gates’s Trustworthy Computing memo halts Windows development for security. → Secure by Design: A History of Software Security Engineering
• Estonia issues digital identity cards. → Estonia and Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry: Digital Governance, Antivirus Pioneers, and the Game Studios
• Gary McKinnon’s intrusions into 97 US military and NASA systems end in March; a ten-year extradition fight follows. → Gary McKinnon: The UFO Hacker and the Decade-Long Extradition
• Hewlett-Packard absorbs Compaq. → Compaq and the BIOS Clean-Room
• Japan’s Earth Simulator takes the Top500 lead, the “Computenik” shock. → The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• MMS launches commercially. → Dead End: MMS, the Picture Message with a Toll Booth
• Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman share the Turing Award. → Rivest, Shamir, Adleman and RSA
• The Sony Ericsson P800, the first UIQ phone, is announced. → Dead End: Symbian
• Tor is released as free software. → Tor and Anonymity Networks
• eBay buys PayPal for $1.5 billion. → Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia
• iRobot ships the Roomba. → Robotics
• Globalstar files for bankruptcy with $3.3 billion in liabilities; Teledesic stops work in October. → Dead End: Teledesic, Globalstar and the First Satellite Internet
• Spanish Wikipedia editors fork to the Enciclopedia Libre on 26 February; Wikipedia moves to .org and rules out advertising. → Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia
• Wolfram self-publishes A New Kind of Science; reviewers find its one new theorem is Matthew Cook’s. → Stephen Wolfram
• Hiroshi Yamauchi retires; programmer Satoru Iwata becomes Nintendo’s first president from outside the family. → Nintendo: A Century of Play

2003

• AMD’s Opteron and Athlon 64 extend x86 to 64 bits; Intel later adopts the design. → AMD and the x86 Underdog
• Alan Kay receives the Turing Award. → Alan Kay and Smalltalk
• Android starts as a startup building a camera operating system. → Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• Apple opens the iTunes Music Store. → The Digital Music Revolution
• Blaze publishes the master-key attack on pin-tumbler locks: one tenant’s key, a file and a few blanks yield the building’s master. → Matt Blaze
• Linden Lab launches Second Life. → Dead End: Second Life
• The Pirate Bay launches in Sweden. → Peter Sunde and The Pirate Bay
• Valve launches Steam. → The PC Gaming Revolution
• The Human Genome Project finishes in April, after thirteen years and $2.7 billion. → Bioinformatics and the Human Genome
• CCP launches EVE Online, a single-shard space MMORPG. → EVE Online
• Skype launches on 29 August. → Dead End: Skype

2004

• Ben Hammersley coins “podcasting”. → The Podcast Revolution
• Cerf and Kahn share the Turing Award. → Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet
• David Heinemeier Hansson extracts Ruby on Rails from Basecamp. → Ruby and Rails
• Doug Cutting starts what becomes Hadoop. → The Big Data Revolution
• Facebook launches; MySpace and Friendster precede it. → The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Google’s MapReduce paper appears; Hadoop follows as an open-source reconstruction. → The Big Data Revolution
• Google’s billboard math puzzle recruits engineers. → Recruiting by Puzzle
• Half-Life 2 ships requiring Steam, even on disc. → Valve and Steam
• No vehicle finishes the first DARPA Grand Challenge. → The Autonomous Vehicle Race: The Longest Last Mile in Technological History
• OpenStreetMap is founded. → Digital Maps and GIS
• Spam reaches 70–80% of all email traffic. → The History of Spam
• Steve Lipner’s Security Development Lifecycle becomes mandatory for Microsoft products. → Roger Schell and Steve Lipner
• Google launches Orkut on 22 January, two weeks before Facebook. → Dead End: Orkut
• Zuckerberg launches Facebook from his Harvard dorm in February. → Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook: The Social Network That Rewired Society
• Sundar Pichai joins Google on 1 April, the day Gmail launches. → Sundar Pichai and Google
• Firefox 1.0 launches in November. → Mitchell Baker and Mozilla

2005

• Apple ships VoiceOver with Mac OS X Tiger. → The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone
• Arduino is released. → The Open Hardware Movement: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the Democratization of Making
• Google buys Android for at least $50 million. → Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• Kurzweil publishes The Singularity Is Near. → Ray Kurzweil
• May co-founds XMOS in Bristol to build multicore microcontrollers with hardware-scheduled threads and channels. → David May
• Negroponte hires Mary Lou Jepsen as chief technology officer and first employee of One Laptop per Child; she designs the XO-1’s dual-mode sunlight-readable screen. → Mary Lou Jepsen
• Peter Naur receives the Turing Award. → Peter Naur
• Rana el Kaliouby’s Cambridge thesis infers six complex mental states from video in real time. → Rana el Kaliouby
• Security Now! begins on Leo Laporte’s TWiT network; episode 1,000 airs in 2024. → Steve Gibson
• Single-core speed gains stall; the multicore era makes concurrency everyone’s problem. → Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem
• Sun releases ZFS; its license keeps it out of Linux. → File Systems: From FAT to ext to ZFS
• Torvalds writes Git in two weeks. → Linus Torvalds and Linux
• YouTube launches. → The Streaming Wars
• Media Lab Europe in Dublin announces its voluntary liquidation. → The MIT Media Lab
• Google Maps launches in February. → Digital Maps and GIS
• The Acid2 test, prompted by Lie’s challenge to Microsoft, is published; Safari passes first. → Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos
• Azureus ships a distributed hash table, and BitTorrent clients no longer need a central tracker. → BitTorrent: The Protocol
• Nokia announces the 770 Internet Tablet, the first Maemo Linux device. → Dead End: Maemo and MeeGo
• Google Reader launches on 7 October. → Dead End: Google Reader
• Star Wars Galaxies’ New Game Enhancements cut 34 professions to nine and drive players out. → Raph Koster

2006

• Adblock Plus is released. → The Browser Extension Ecosystem
• Amazon Web Services launches. → Jeff Bezos and Amazon
• Amazon launches EC2 and S3, inventing the public cloud. → The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• Amazon launches EC2. → The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle
• Concorde proves an optimal tour through an 85,900-point chip-layout instance. → The Traveling Salesman Problem
• Facebook introduces the News Feed and Twitter launches. → The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Frances Allen becomes the first woman to receive the Turing Award. → Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization
• Julian Assange launches WikiLeaks. → Julian Assange: From “Mendax” to WikiLeaks
• Nvidia introduces CUDA. → Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI
• Symbian holds 73% of the smartphone market. → Dead End: Symbian
• The Netflix Prize offers $1 million for a 10% better recommender. → Recommendation Systems
• Jack Dorsey sends the first tweet on 21 March. → Jack Dorsey, Twitter, and Square
• SGI files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for the first time. → Dead End: Silicon Graphics
• Bill Gates names Ray Ozzie Microsoft’s chief software architect. → Ray Ozzie

2007

• Amazon launches the Kindle. → Project Gutenberg and the E-Book
• Clarke, Emerson, and Sifakis share the Turing Award for model checking. → Formal Methods and Model Checking
• Hadley Wickham releases ggplot2, an implementation of Wilkinson’s grammar of graphics for R. → Hadley Wickham
• Netflix begins streaming. → Reed Hastings and Netflix
• Seventeen-year-old George Hotz unlocks the first iPhone. → George Hotz: geohot, the iPhone, and the PlayStation War
• The PUE metric for data-center efficiency is introduced. → The History of Green IT
• The YouTube Partner Program makes video creation a profession. → The Creator Economy
• The iPhone launches and redefines the smartphone. → The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• Vista ships after the Longhorn collapse. → The Windows Story
• Holtzbrinck buys StudiVZ for roughly €85 million in January. → Europe’s Local Social Networks Before Facebook
• Jim Gray disappears at sea off San Francisco in January. → Jim Gray and the Transaction
• Jobs unveils the iPhone on 9 January. → Steve Jobs and Apple
• Safaricom launches M-Pesa in Kenya on 6 March. → Africa’s Tech Industry: Leapfrog, Mobile Money, and the Continent That Skipped the Landline
• The AP and the EFF show Comcast forging TCP resets to disrupt BitTorrent uploads. → BitTorrent: The Protocol
• Quanta begins full production of the XO-1 at $188; Jepsen leaves at year’s end to found Pixel Qi. → Mary Lou Jepsen

2008

• Barbara Liskov receives the Turing Award. → Barbara Liskov and Data Abstraction
• Netscape formally shuts down. → Marc Andreessen and Netscape
• Notebooks outsell desktops worldwide for the first time. → The Portable Computer
• Spotify launches. → The Digital Music Revolution
• Stack Overflow and GitHub both launch. → The Rise of Developer Communities
• Sun buys MySQL AB for $1 billion. → The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud
• Yahoo! turns down Microsoft’s $44.6 billion offer. → Dead End: Yahoo!
• Warner goes Blu-ray only on 4 January; Toshiba concedes 46 days later. → Dead End: HD-DVD
• Apple announces that App Store developers will keep 70 percent of sales, fixing the 30 percent platform fee. → The Platform Tax
• EVE players elect the first Council of Stellar Management. → EVE Online
• Apple opens the App Store on 10 July. → The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax
• Garriott flies to the International Space Station on Soyuz TMA-13, the first child of an astronaut in orbit. → Richard Garriott
• The T-Mobile G1, the first Android phone, goes on sale in the United States. → Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• Satoshi Nakamoto posts the Bitcoin white paper on 31 October. → The Cryptocurrency Revolution

2009

• A Swedish court convicts the Pirate Bay founders. → Peter Sunde and The Pirate Bay
• BlackBerry holds over 50% of the US enterprise smartphone market, its peak. → Dead End: BlackBerry
• Chuck Thacker receives the Turing Award. → Chuck Thacker and the Alto
• Dorsey co-founds Square. → Jack Dorsey, Twitter, and Square
• El Kaliouby and Rosalind Picard spin Affectiva out of the MIT Media Lab. → Rana el Kaliouby
• Flickr’s “10+ deploys a day” talk at Velocity and the first DevOpsDays in Ghent start the DevOps movement. → The DevOps Revolution: Tearing Down the Wall Between Development and Operations
• Free turn-by-turn navigation on Android collapses the sat-nav industry. → Digital Maps and GIS
• Google announces ChromeOS. → ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web
• Google buys reCAPTCHA. → Luis von Ahn and Human Computation
• Google releases Go as open source. → Go: The Cloud-Native Language
• Hoare calls the null reference his “billion-dollar mistake”. → Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming
• Microsoft’s PhotoDNA gives platforms a tool against child-abuse imagery. → Content Moderation
• SGI’s remains sell for $42.5 million. → Dead End: Silicon Graphics
• UIQ Technology, maker of Symbian’s pen interface, files for bankruptcy. → Dead End: Symbian
• Uber is founded; Airbnb the year before. → The Gig Economy and Technology
• PC Magazine prints its last issue in January; Dr. Dobb’s ends print in February. → The Computer Press
• Microsoft announces the end of Encarta in March; it closes in October. → Dead End: Encarta
• Dennis Crowley and Naveen Selvadurai launch Foursquare at SXSW. → The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Kickstarter launches with all-or-nothing funding and rewards instead of equity. → Crowdfunding and Kickstarter
• Wolfram Alpha, a computational answer engine built on Mathematica, goes live. → Stephen Wolfram
• Google demonstrates Wave at I/O on 28 May; it is discontinued fifteen months later. → Dead End: Google Wave
• why the lucky stiff deletes his entire online presence on 19 August. → why the lucky stiff
• GeoCities closes; Jason Scott’s new Archive Team has saved over a million of its accounts. → Archive Team
• Prime View International of Taiwan completes its purchase of E Ink for about $450 million and renames itself E Ink Holdings. → Joseph Jacobson

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