Index of Topics

A

• A Century of Play — Nintendo: A Century of Play
• Accessibility Revolution in Computing — The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone
• Accidental Empire — Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire · also in Jeff Bezos and Amazon
• Accidental Hero of WannaCry — Marcus Hutchins: The Accidental Hero of WannaCry
• Adobe — Adobe: The Creative Software Empire · also in John Warnock and PostScript, The JavaScript Revolution, The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself, Dead End: Flash & The Plugin Web
• Adult Supervision — Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision · also in Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire
• Africa’s Tech Industry — Africa’s Tech Industry: Leapfrog, Mobile Money, and the Continent That Skipped the Landline
• Agile Revolution — The Agile Revolution: From Waterfall to Manifesto to Industry
• AI Education — Andrew Ng and AI Education
• AI Ethics — AI Ethics and Algorithmic Bias
• AI Image Generation — Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation
• ALGOL — ALGOL: The Language That Taught Programming How to Teach Itself · also in The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave, Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That, The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR, Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany, European Computer Science Academia, Germany’s Computing Pioneers, The Nordic Computer Societies, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming
• Algorithm as a Concept — The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing
• Algorithm That Reorganized Attention — ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention
• Algorithmic Bias — AI Ethics and Algorithmic Bias
• Algorithmic Game Theory — Algorithmic Game Theory
• Alibaba — Jack Ma and Alibaba: China’s Internet Pioneer · also in Dead End: Yahoo!, China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier, Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model
• AlphaFold — AlphaFold · also in Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI, DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI
• AlphaGo — DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI · also in Move 37: The Move That Changed How We Think About Intelligence, Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI, Reinforcement Learning, Richard Bellman and Dynamic Programming
• Altair 8800 — The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution · also in Paul Allen: The Other Half of Microsoft
• Amazon — Jeff Bezos and Amazon · also in The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone, The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared, Cadabra, Relentless, and the Bookstore That Became Everything, The Open Source Business Model, The API Economy, The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud, Why Amazon Started With Books, The Microservices Revolution, The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds, The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash, The Turk: The 18th-Century Chess Machine With a Human Inside, Latin America’s Tech Industry: MercadoLibre, Nubank, and the Fintech Continent, The Gig Economy and Technology, The Rise of the Tech Giants, Anthropic and Claude, The Platform Antitrust Story, Content Delivery Networks, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science, Recommendation Systems
• AMD — AMD and the x86 Underdog · also in Dead End: Intel Itanium, The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon, Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, Andy Grove and Intel, Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI, The Microprocessor Revolution
• Amiga — Dead End: The Amiga · also in Shareware and Public Domain: Software Distribution Before the Internet, The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form, The Personal Computing Explosion, The Atari ST, Jack Tramiel and Commodore
• Analog Integrated Circuits — Bob Widlar and Analog Integrated Circuits
• Android — Android: The Dominant Mobile OS · also in The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Kotlin and Modern JVM Development, Dead End: Palm and the PDA, The JVM and Java Ecosystem, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Dead End: BlackBerry, James Gosling and Java, Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It, Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company, The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”, Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G, Dead End: General Magic, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, Sundar Pichai and Google, Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, The Open Source Business Model, The Podcast Revolution, The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World, Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface, Linus Torvalds and Linux, Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest, Google: From Dorm Room to Digital Infrastructure, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, … and 3 more
• Anonymity Networks — Tor and Anonymity Networks
• Anonymous — Anonymous and LulzSec: Hacktivism and the Mask · also in Fun Fact: Google Recruited with an Anonymous Billboard, Japan’s Digital Culture: Walkman, Tamagotchi, and the Galapagos Problem, The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life, The Hidden Room: The First Software Easter Egg, The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• Anthropic — Anthropic and Claude · also in The LLM Race (2022–), Famous Leaks, Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI
• Antivirus Industry — The Antivirus Industry
• AOL Era — The AOL Era
• API Economy — The API Economy
• Apple — Steve Jobs and Apple · also in The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, Dead End: BeOS, Steve Wozniak: The Engineer’s Apple, Tim Cook and Apple, Dead End: The Mac Clones, The Platform Antitrust Story, Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision, Jony Ive and Apple Design, Dead End: Apple Newton, The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin, August 2, 2018: Apple Reaches $1 Trillion, Dead End: The Apple Pippin, The History of Desktop Environments, Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, Five Rejections: How HP Passed on the Apple Computer, The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, The Patent Wars, The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, The $800 Exit: Apple’s Third Founder Quit After Twelve Days, Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach, Dan Bricklin and VisiCalc: The Killer App, Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch, … and 61 more
• Apple Design — Jony Ive and Apple Design
• Apple Newton — Dead End: Apple Newton
• Apple Pippin — Dead End: The Apple Pippin
• Architect of Artificial Minds — Marvin Minsky and the MIT AI Lab: The Architect of Artificial Minds
• Argentina’s Computing Society — SADIO: Argentina’s Computing Society
• ARM Architecture — The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World
• ARPANET — ARPANET: Building the Network That Became the Internet · also in Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect, Email: The Killer App That Predated the Web, The First Email: A Message Not Worth Reading, The Myth: The Internet Was Designed to Survive Nuclear War, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet, “LO”: The First Message Sent on the ARPANET, J.C.R. Licklider and the Intergalactic Network, Paul Baran and Packet Switching: The Network That Was Never Built, Reaper: The First Antivirus Was Written to Fight the First Virus, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web, OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was, The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book, Usenet: The Original Online Community, David Mills and NTP, Kevin Poulsen: Dark Dante and the Radio Station Hack, The History of Spam, Bill Atkinson and HyperCard, Data Communication Prehistory: Telegraph, Morse, and Teletype, Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany, The Birth of Computer Science as a Discipline, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science, The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself
• Asian Computer Science Academia — Asian Computer Science Academia
• Association for Computing Machinery — ACM: The Association for Computing Machinery
• Atari — Nolan Bushnell and Atari · also in The History of the Video Game Industry, Jack Tramiel and Commodore, The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming, The Hidden Room: The First Software Easter Egg, The Atari ST, Computer Space: The First Arcade Game That Failed So Pong Could Succeed, Alan Kay and Smalltalk, Reinforcement Learning, Spacewar! Was the First Video Game to Spread Between Computers, DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI, Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI, Dead End: The Amiga, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science
• Atari ST — The Atari ST
• Attention Economy — The Attention Economy · also in The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention, The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Australia’s Tech Industry — Australia’s Tech Industry: Atlassian, WiFi, and the Tyranny of Distance
• Australian Computer Society (ACS) — Australian Computer Society (ACS)
• Authentication — The History of Passwords and Authentication
• Automata Theory — Automata Theory and Computability
• Automatic Memory Management — Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management
• Automation — Automation and the Future of Work · also in Content Moderation, Software Testing and QA: The Discipline of Finding Bugs Before Users Do
• Autonomous Vehicle Race — The Autonomous Vehicle Race: The Longest Last Mile in Technological History

B

• Barcodes — Barcodes and the UPC
• BBS Era — The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• Before the Computer — Before the Computer: Mechanical Calculation
• Bell Labs — Bell Labs: The Idea Factory · also in Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, The Transistor: The Invention That Made Everything Else Possible, Brian Kernighan and the Unix Tools, Ken Thompson and Unix, December 16, 1947: The Invention That Changed Everything, Claude Shannon and Information Theory, Rob Pike: From Unix to Go, Doug McIlroy and Unix Pipes, The Multics Story, Computing and Music Creation, “Hello, World!”: The Origin of the Universal First Program, Claude Shannon: The Juggling Mathematician of Bell Labs, Bjarne Stroustrup and C++, Yann LeCun and Convolutional Networks, The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World, Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
• BeOS — Dead End: BeOS
• Big Data Revolution — The Big Data Revolution
• Bildschirmtext — Dead End: Bildschirmtext
• Bioinformatics — Bioinformatics and the Human Genome · also in Larry Wall and Perl
• Birth of Computer Science as a Discipline — The Birth of Computer Science as a Discipline
• BlackBerry — Dead End: BlackBerry · also in The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• Bluetooth — Bluetooth · also in Hedy Lamarr and Frequency Hopping
• Boolean Logic — George Boole and Boolean Logic · also in Claude Shannon and Information Theory
• Browser Extension Ecosystem — The Browser Extension Ecosystem
• Browser Wars — The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door · also in Brendan Eich and JavaScript, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, The JavaScript Revolution
• BSD Family — The BSD Family: The Open-Source Unix That Survived a Lawsuit
• Building Blocks of Computation — Data Structures: The Building Blocks of Computation
• Busy Beaver Problem — The Busy Beaver Problem
• Bytecode — Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer
• ByteDance — ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention · also in Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model, Recommendation Systems, The Creator Economy, The Streaming Wars

C

• Camillo — Camillo and Adriano Olivetti
• Canada’s AI Cluster — Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution
• Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS) — Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS)
• CeBIT — CeBIT and the Age of the Computer Trade Fair · also in Dead End: MMS, the Picture Message with a Toll Booth
• Cellular Networks — Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
• Century of Play — Nintendo: A Century of Play
• CGI Revolution — The CGI Revolution
• Chartered Institute for IT — BCS: The Chartered Institute for IT
• Chile’s Cybernetic Dream — Project Cybersyn: Chile’s Cybernetic Dream
• China Computer Federation (CCF) — China Computer Federation (CCF)
• China’s Internet Pioneer — Jack Ma and Alibaba: China’s Internet Pioneer
• China’s Tech Industry — China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier
• Chomsky Hierarchy — The Chomsky Hierarchy: Grammar, Languages, and the Spine of Every Parser
• ChromeOS — ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web
• Cisco — Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet · also in The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry, Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun
• Climate Modeling — Weather and Climate Modeling
• Cloud Computing Era — The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• Cloud Wars — The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle
• Cloud-Native Language — Go: The Cloud-Native Language
• COBOL — COBOL: The Language That Runs Banking · also in More COBOL Than Python: The Language That Refuses to Die, Jean Sammet and COBOL, Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave, ALGOL: The Language That Taught Programming How to Teach Itself, The Y2K Crisis, ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take, The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• Coding Theory — Coding Theory and Error Correction
• Colossus — Tommy Flowers and Colossus · also in The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Computer Science Firsts
• Commodore — Jack Tramiel and Commodore · also in Dead End: The Amiga, The Best-Selling Computer: Commodore 64, The Atari ST
• Company — IBM: The Company · also in Herman Hollerith and the Punched Card, Alexey Pajitnov and Tetris, Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry, The Open Source Business Model, Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry, Adobe: The Creative Software Empire, August 2, 2018: Apple Reaches $1 Trillion, ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention, Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Dead End: Yahoo!, Family Ties, Intel Was a Memory Company, Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI, Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It, Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company, Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia, Pets.com: The $2 Million Ad for a Company That Lasted 268 Days, Rivest, Shamir, Adleman and RSA, Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model, The API Economy, The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution, … and 3 more
• Compiler — The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code · also in Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript, Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, Dead End: Intel Itanium, Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization, Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era, The Compiler Nobody Believed Would Work, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
• Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming — LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming
• Compiler Optimization — Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization
• Complexity Theory — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question · also in Manuel Blum: From Complexity to CAPTCHA
• Computability — Automata Theory and Computability · also in P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• Computer Animation — Pixar and Computer Animation
• Computer Chess — Deep Blue and Computer Chess
• Computer in the Car — From Carburetor to Code: The Computer in the Car
• Computer in the Pocket — The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• Computer Science Education — Computer Science Education: Teaching the Machine
• Computer Science Firsts — Computer Science Firsts
• Computer Societies Movement — The Computer Societies Movement
• Computer Society of India (CSI) — Computer Society of India (CSI)
• Computer Vision — Computer Vision
• Computer-Assisted Proof — Computer-Assisted Proof
• Computing Across the Iron Curtain — IFIP: Computing Across the Iron Curtain
• Computing in East Germany — Computing in East Germany: Robotron and the Kombinate
• Computing in Popular Culture — Computing in Popular Culture
• Concurrency — Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem · also in Operating System Concepts: Kernels, Processes, and Scheduling, Rob Pike: From Unix to Go, Robin Milner: The Logician Who Shaped Programming, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• Connected World — The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web
• Console War It Lost — Sega: The Console War It Lost and the Games It Won
• Console Wars — The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming · also in The History of the Video Game Industry
• Container Revolution — The Container Revolution · also in The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared, The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds
• Content Delivery Networks — Content Delivery Networks
• Content Moderation — Content Moderation
• Convolutional Networks — Yann LeCun and Convolutional Networks
• Copyright — Copyright and IP in the Digital Age · also in The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution, Alexandra Elbakyan and Sci-Hub, Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation, The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture, The Digital Rights Movement, The JVM and Java Ecosystem, The Podcast Revolution
• Core Memory — Whirlwind, SAGE, and Core Memory
• Creative Software Empire — Adobe: The Creative Software Empire
• Creator Economy — The Creator Economy
• Crypto Wars of the 1990s — The Crypto Wars of the 1990s
• Cryptocurrency Revolution — The Cryptocurrency Revolution
• Cryptography — Cryptography: The Secret Science · also in Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman: The Key Exchange That Unlocked the Internet, Bruce Schneier: The Public Intellectual of Security, P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question, Public Key Cryptography: The Mathematics That Secured the Internet, Rivest, Shamir, Adleman and RSA, The Crypto Wars of the 1990s, Claude Shannon and Information Theory, Computer Science Firsts, Cybersecurity: The Invisible War, Quantum Computing, Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali: Proving Cryptography Works
• Cybernetics — Norbert Wiener and Cybernetics · also in OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was
• Cybersecurity — Cybersecurity: The Invisible War · also in Israel’s Tech Industry: From Unit 8200 to Startup Nation, The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics

D

• Data Abstraction — Barbara Liskov and Data Abstraction
• Data Communication Prehistory — Data Communication Prehistory: Telegraph, Morse, and Teletype
• Data Compression — Data Compression
• Data Structures — Data Structures: The Building Blocks of Computation · also in Niklaus Wirth and Pascal
• Database Revolution — The Database Revolution: From Filing Cabinets to the Relational Model
• Database Wars — The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud · also in Larry Ellison and Oracle, SQL Was Called SEQUEL Until an Aircraft Manufacturer Objected
• Dawn of the Semiconductor Age — From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age
• Day Software Became Property — The Open Letter to Hobbyists: The Day Software Became Property
• DEC — DEC and the Minicomputer Era · also in Dave Cutler and Windows NT, Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, Jim Gray and the Transaction, Spacewar! Was the First Video Game to Spread Between Computers, Paul Karger: Mr. High Assurance, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, USB Was Designed to Be Easy to Plug In. It Wasn’t., Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Expert Systems and the First AI Winter, RISC vs. CISC, Computing in East Germany: Robotron and the Kombinate, Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars, Germany’s IT Industry
• Deep Blue — Deep Blue and Computer Chess · also in The Move That Wasn’t Intelligence: Deep Blue’s Accidental Genius, Newell and Simon: The Thinking Machines
• Deep Learning — Geoffrey Hinton and Deep Learning · also in Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution, ImageNet: The Dataset That Proved Deep Learning Worked, Speech Recognition, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution
• DeepMind — Demis Hassabis and DeepMind: Games, Proteins, and the Path to AGI · also in DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI, AlphaFold, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Reinforcement Learning, Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution
• Democracy / Elections — Tech and Democracy / Elections
• Demoscene — The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form
• Design Patterns — Design Patterns and the Gang of Four · also in The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down
• Desktop Publishing Revolution — The Desktop Publishing Revolution
• DevOps Revolution — The DevOps Revolution: Tearing Down the Wall Between Development and Operations
• Digital Divide — The Digital Divide: Who Gets Computing and Who Doesn’t
• Digital Maps — Digital Maps and GIS
• Digital Music Revolution — The Digital Music Revolution
• Digital Photography — Digital Photography and the Fall of Kodak
• Digital Rights Movement — The Digital Rights Movement
• Disinformation — Disinformation and Misinformation · also in Tech and Democracy / Elections
• Distributed Systems — Distributed Systems: Consensus, CAP, and the Hard Problems · also in Barbara Liskov and Data Abstraction, Butler Lampson and Xerox PARC, Leslie Lamport and the Science of Distributed Systems, The Microservices Revolution
• Domain Name System — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book · also in Symbolics.com: The First Domain Name Ever Registered
• Dominant Mobile OS — Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• Dot-com Bubble — The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash
• Dynamic Programming — Richard Bellman and Dynamic Programming

E

• E-Commerce Revolution — The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone
• Early Networking Failures — Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars
• Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry — Estonia and Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry: Digital Governance, Antivirus Pioneers, and the Game Studios
• EDSAC — Maurice Wilkes and EDSAC · also in Kathleen Booth and the First Assembler, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
• El Ajedrecista — Leonardo Torres Quevedo and El Ajedrecista
• ELIZA — Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA · also in ELIZA: The Chatbot That Horrified Its Creator, The Natural Language Processing Revolution, Christopher Strachey: The Programmer Who Made a Computer Write Love Letters
• Email — Email: The Killer App That Predated the Web · also in Dead End: Google Wave, Donald Knuth Has Not Used Email Since 1990, The First Email: A Message Not Worth Reading, @ : The Symbol That Connected the World, ARPANET: Building the Network That Became the Internet, Dead End: BlackBerry, Dead End: Google Buzz, Instant Messaging: From ICQ to Signal, Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect, The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web, The History of Spam, Unicode and UTF-8: The Long Road to a Universal Character Set
• Embedded Systems Story — The Embedded Systems Story: From ROM Firmware to Safety-Critical Software
• Engine as a Platform — Game Engines: The Engine as a Platform
• Engineer’s Apple — Steve Wozniak: The Engineer’s Apple
• Engineers (KIISE) — Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE)
• ENIAC — ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers · also in Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers, The Weather Machine: What ENIAC Operators Were Told, Helmut Schreyer: The Missed Electronic Age, Tommy Flowers and Colossus, Computer Science Firsts, From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age, Scientific and Numerical Computing, Monte Carlo Methods, Alan Turing and the Enigma, The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind, Weather and Climate Modeling, John von Neumann, Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing
• Enterprise Software Giant Europe Built — SAP: The Enterprise Software Giant Europe Built
• Erlang — Erlang and the Actor Model · also in The Rise of Functional Programming, Prolog and Logic Programming: When AI Spoke in Clauses, The Philosophy of Programming Languages, The Nordic Computer Societies
• Error Correction — Coding Theory and Error Correction
• Establishing Informatik in Germany — Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany
• Estonia — Estonia and Eastern Europe’s Tech Industry: Digital Governance, Antivirus Pioneers, and the Game Studios · also in The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, The History of Cyberwar: When Code Became a Weapon
• Ethernet — Bob Metcalfe and Ethernet · also in Dead End: Token Ring, Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars, Radia Perlman and the Spanning Tree Protocol, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Butler Lampson and Xerox PARC, The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun, IEEE Computer Society
• Europe’s Local Social Networks Before Facebook — Europe’s Local Social Networks Before Facebook
• European Computer Science Academia — European Computer Science Academia
• Evolution of Language — The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• Expert Systems — Expert Systems and the First AI Winter · also in The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution

F

• Facebook — Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook: The Social Network That Rewired Society · also in The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space, Europe’s Local Social Networks Before Facebook, Dead End: Google+, Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior, $345 Million Per Employee: The WhatsApp Acquisition, 13 Employees, $1 Billion: The Instagram Acquisition, The Rise of the Tech Giants, The Platform Antitrust Story, Dead End: Yahoo!, The History of Virtual Reality, Dead End: Orkut, Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia, Yann LeCun and Convolutional Networks, Digital Photography and the Fall of Kodak, The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention, The Big Data Revolution, The Attention Economy, Dead End: Google Buzz, The API Economy
• Fairchild Semiconductor — Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor · also in The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World, Bob Widlar and Analog Integrated Circuits, December 16, 1947: The Invention That Changed Everything, Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth
• Family Ties — Family Ties
• Famous Leaks — Famous Leaks
• Famous Software Disasters — Famous Software Disasters
• Fastest Machines on Earth — The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• Fathers of the Internet — Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn: Fathers of the Internet
• File Systems — File Systems: From FAT to ext to ZFS
• Filesharing Era — The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution
• Finding the Web — The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• First Graphical Interface — Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
• First Stored-Program Computer — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
• First Wave — The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave · also in The Creator Economy
• Flash — Dead End: Flash & The Plugin Web · also in The JavaScript Revolution, Adobe: The Creative Software Empire, High-Frequency Trading, Fun Fact: “All Your Base Are Belong to Us” Came from a Bad Translation, The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself, The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon, WebAssembly
• Forgotten Inventor — Gustav Tauschek: The Forgotten Inventor
• Formal Methods — Formal Methods and Model Checking
• FORTRAN — John Backus and FORTRAN · also in The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave, The Compiler Nobody Believed Would Work, ALGOL: The Language That Taught Programming How to Teach Itself, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, Frances Allen and Compiler Optimization, The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code, APL: The Language Written in Its Own Alphabet, ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers, IBM: The Company
• France’s Tech Industry — France’s Tech Industry: Minitel, State Ambition, and the Grande École Pipeline
• Frequency Hopping — Hedy Lamarr and Frequency Hopping
• From “Mendax” to WikiLeaks — Julian Assange: From “Mendax” to WikiLeaks
• From 1G to 5G — Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
• From Bletchley to DeepMind — The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
• From BNF to ANTLR — The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR
• From Carburetor to Code — From Carburetor to Code: The Computer in the Car
• From Complexity to CAPTCHA — Manuel Blum: From Complexity to CAPTCHA
• From Euclid to Turing — The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing
• From Exploration to Geopolitics — The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• From Follower to Frontier — China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier
• From ICQ to Signal — Instant Messaging: From ICQ to Signal
• From iPod to Nest — Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest
• From NeXTSTEP to Darwin — The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin
• From Pixels to Intelligence — The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence
• From Rice Cooker to PlayStation — Sony: From Rice Cooker to PlayStation
• From Terminals to Touch — Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch
• From Unix to Go — Rob Pike: From Unix to Go

G

• Game Engines — Game Engines: The Engine as a Platform
• Garbage Collection — Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management
• General Magic — Dead End: General Magic · also in Tony Fadell: From iPod to Nest
• Generative AI Revolution — The Generative AI Revolution
• Geopolitics of Silicon — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• German Chapter of the ACM — German Chapter of the ACM · also in Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany
• German Language Technology — Hans Uszkoreit and German Language Technology
• Germany’s Computing Pioneers — Germany’s Computing Pioneers
• Germany’s IT Industry — Germany’s IT Industry
• Gesellschaft für Informatik — Gesellschaft für Informatik: Establishing Informatik in Germany
• Gig Economy — The Gig Economy and Technology · also in Tech Labor Movements
• Globalization of Software — The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”
• God of the Internet — Jon Postel: The God of the Internet
• Google — Google: From Dorm Room to Digital Infrastructure · also in Dead End: Google+, The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web, Dead End: Google Buzz, Dead End: Google Wave, Dead End: Google Stadia, Sundar Pichai and Google, Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, Dead End: Google Glass & The First Wearable Wave, Dead End: Yahoo!, The Platform Antitrust Story, Android: The Dominant Mobile OS, Dead End: Orkut, Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Jeff Dean and Google’s Infrastructure, The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared, The Big Data Revolution, The LLM Race (2022–), The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space, The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need”, The Podcast Revolution, The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, Geoffrey Hinton and Deep Learning, Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet, … and 89 more
• Google Buzz — Dead End: Google Buzz
• Google Glass — Dead End: Google Glass & The First Wearable Wave
• Google Stadia — Dead End: Google Stadia
• Google Wave — Dead End: Google Wave
• Google’s Infrastructure — Jeff Dean and Google’s Infrastructure
• Google+ — Dead End: Google+ · also in Dead End: Google Buzz, The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Gopher — Dead End: Gopher, the Web That Almost Was · also in The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• GPU Revolution — The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence
• Graph Algorithms — Graph Algorithms
• Graphics APIs — Graphics APIs: OpenGL, DirectX, and Vulkan

H

• Hacker Culture — The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life
• Hacker Who Warned Washington — Peiter “Mudge” Zatko: The Hacker Who Warned Washington
• Hardest Easy Question — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• Hashing — Hashing
• Haskell — Haskell and Pure Functional Programming · also in The Rise of Functional Programming, Robin Milner: The Logician Who Shaped Programming, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming, Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover
• HD-DVD — Dead End: HD-DVD
• Hewlett-Packard — Hewlett-Packard
• Hidden Codebreaker — Elizebeth Smith Friedman: The Hidden Codebreaker
• High-Frequency Trading — High-Frequency Trading
• History of Cyberwar — The History of Cyberwar: When Code Became a Weapon
• History of Desktop Environments — The History of Desktop Environments
• History of Displays — The History of Displays
• History of Green IT — The History of Green IT
• History of Hacking — The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• History of Parsing — The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR
• History of Passwords — The History of Passwords and Authentication
• History of Sorting — The History of Sorting
• History of Spam — The History of Spam
• History of the Video Game Industry — The History of the Video Game Industry
• History of Virtual Reality — The History of Virtual Reality
• History of Wi-Fi — The History of Wi-Fi
• Huawei — Ren Zhengfei and Huawei: From PLA Engineer to Global Telecom Giant · also in China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier, China Computer Federation (CCF), Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet
• Human-Computer Interaction — Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch
• HyperCard — Bill Atkinson and HyperCard · also in Ward Cunningham and the Wiki: The Simplest Thing That Could Possibly Work
• Hypertext — Ted Nelson and Hypertext: The Dream That Partially Came True · also in Vannevar Bush and the Memex

I

• IBM Mainframe Era — The IBM Mainframe Era: The Computer That Ran the World
• IBM PC — The IBM PC: The Open Architecture That Standardized Computing · also in Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take, 4.77 MHz: The IBM PC Ran on a Television Crystal, The Spreadsheet Revolution, Dead End: The Amiga, Bill Gates and Microsoft, The Personal Computing Explosion, The Microprocessor Revolution
• IBM PC’s Killer App — Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App
• IDE Wars — The IDE Wars
• Idea Factory — Bell Labs: The Idea Factory
• IEEE Computer Society — IEEE Computer Society · also in The Computer Societies Movement
• IITPSA — IITPSA: South Africa’s IT Professional Society
• ImageNet — ImageNet: The Dataset That Proved Deep Learning Worked · also in Fei-Fei Li and ImageNet: The Dataset That Fed the Revolution, Computer Vision, Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI, Geoffrey Hinton and Deep Learning, Yann LeCun and Convolutional Networks, Yoshua Bengio and the Montreal School, The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution, Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution
• India’s IT Industry — India’s IT Industry
• India’s Telecom Revolution — Sam Pitroda and India’s Telecom Revolution
• Industrialization of Cybercrime — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) — Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ)
• Information Retrieval — Karen Spärck Jones and Information Retrieval
• Information Theory — Claude Shannon and Information Theory
• Instant Messaging — Instant Messaging: From ICQ to Signal
• Integrated Circuit Revolution — The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World
• Intel — Andy Grove and Intel · also in Federico Faggin and the Microprocessor, Dead End: Intel Itanium, Gordon Moore and Moore’s Law, AMD and the x86 Underdog, Intel Was a Memory Company, The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon, Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432, The Microprocessor Revolution, Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, RISC vs. CISC, The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution, The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon, Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun, Niklaus Wirth and Pascal, The Open Letter to Hobbyists: The Day Software Became Property, The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth, Dead End: BeOS, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take, USB: The Port for Almost Everything, The IBM PC: The Open Architecture That Standardized Computing, Andrew Tanenbaum and MINIX, Israel’s Tech Industry: From Unit 8200 to Startup Nation, Japan’s Computing Industry, … and 5 more
• Intel iAPX 432 — Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432
• Intel Itanium — Dead End: Intel Itanium
• Internet Freedom — Online Censorship and Internet Freedom
• Internet Law — Internet Law and Section 230
• Internet Memes — Internet Memes
• Internet Relay Chat — IRC: Internet Relay Chat and the Roots of Real-Time Messaging
• Internet’s Own Boy — Aaron Swartz: The Internet’s Own Boy
• Internet’s Phone Book — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book
• Interviews — Interviews and Oral Histories
• Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming — Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming
• Invisible Pioneers — Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers
• Invisible War — Cybersecurity: The Invisible War
• IoT Revolution — The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects
• Israel’s Tech Industry — Israel’s Tech Industry: From Unit 8200 to Startup Nation
• Italy’s Computing Society — AICA: Italy’s Computing Society

J

• Japan’s Computing Industry — Japan’s Computing Industry
• Japan’s Digital Culture — Japan’s Digital Culture: Walkman, Tamagotchi, and the Galapagos Problem
• Java Ecosystem — The JVM and Java Ecosystem
• JavaScript — Brendan Eich and JavaScript · also in The JavaScript Revolution, WebAssembly, Mocha, LiveScript, JavaScript: The Name That Confused a Generation, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, Ten Days in May: How JavaScript Was Built Under Deadline, Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript, James Gosling and Java, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover, Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• JavaScript Revolution — The JavaScript Revolution

K

• KGB Hack — The KGB Hack: Karl Koch, Markus Hess, and the Cuckoo’s Egg
• Kim Schmitz (Kim Dotcom) — Kim Schmitz (Kim Dotcom)
• Kolmogorov Complexity — Kolmogorov Complexity
• Kotlin — Kotlin and Modern JVM Development · also in The JVM and Java Ecosystem, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming
• Kryptos — Kryptos: The Cipher in the CIA Courtyard

L

• Lambda Calculus — Alonzo Church and Lambda Calculus · also in The Rise of Functional Programming
• Language That Democratized Programming — BASIC: The Language That Democratized Programming
• Language That Runs Banking — COBOL: The Language That Runs Banking
• Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem — Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem
• Language the Pentagon Built — Ada: The Language the Pentagon Built
• Language Written in Its Own Alphabet — APL: The Language Written in Its Own Alphabet
• Latin America’s Tech Industry — Latin America’s Tech Industry: MercadoLibre, Nubank, and the Fintech Continent
• Linker — The Linker and Loader Story: The Invisible Tool That Assembles Programs
• Linux — Linus Torvalds and Linux · also in The Open Source Revolution, Richard Stallman and GNU, The BSD Family: The Open-Source Unix That Survived a Lawsuit, Git: Named After Its Creator, Written in Ten Days, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Linux Was Named by Someone Other Than Linus Torvalds, The Open Source Business Model, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, 10,000 to 27 Million: The Linux Kernel’s 2,700× Growth, The History of Desktop Environments, The Nordic Computer Societies, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, The Open Source Movement, The Container Revolution, The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World, Andrew Tanenbaum and MINIX, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Dead End: Palm and the PDA, Ken Thompson and Unix, The Rise of Version Control: From SCCS to Git and GitHub, File Systems: From FAT to ext to ZFS, Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation, The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science, … and 2 more
• Lisp Machine Era — The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization
• LLM Race (2022–) — The LLM Race (2022–)
• Loader Story — The Linker and Loader Story: The Invisible Tool That Assembles Programs
• Logic Programming — Prolog and Logic Programming: When AI Spoke in Clauses
• Logician Who Shaped Programming — Robin Milner: The Logician Who Shaped Programming
• Lotus 1-2-3 — Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App · also in The Spreadsheet Revolution
• Low-Level Layer — Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer
• LulzSec — Anonymous and LulzSec: Hacktivism and the Mask · also in The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics, The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life

M

• Mac Clones — Dead End: The Mac Clones
• Machine Translation — Machine Translation · also in Karen Spärck Jones and Information Retrieval, Kathleen Booth and the First Assembler, The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”
• Manchester Baby — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
• Match That Changed AI — DeepMind and AlphaGo: The Match That Changed AI
• Mechanical Calculation — Before the Computer: Mechanical Calculation · also in The Algorithm as a Concept: From Euclid to Turing
• Microprocessor Revolution — The Microprocessor Revolution · also in The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization
• Microservices Revolution — The Microservices Revolution
• Microsoft — Bill Gates and Microsoft · also in Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation, Gary Kildall and the OS IBM Didn’t Take, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, Dead End: Microsoft Bob and Clippy, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, Paul Allen: The Other Half of Microsoft, Dead End: WordPerfect, MS-DOS: The $50,000 Operating System That Built Microsoft, Anders Hejlsberg: From Turbo Pascal to TypeScript, The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle, The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine, Microsoft’s 90% Fall and Return: The Ballmer Decade and the Nadella Recovery, Dead End: OS/2, The Windows Story, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone, The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud, The Personal Computing Explosion, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, The History of Desktop Environments, Yahoo Turned Down $44.6 Billion From Microsoft, Dave Cutler and Windows NT, Secure by Design: A History of Software Security Engineering, The Spreadsheet Revolution, … and 46 more
• Microsoft Bob — Dead End: Microsoft Bob and Clippy
• Microsoft’s Mobile Failures — Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures
• Microsoft’s Transformation — Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation · also in The Accessibility Revolution in Computing: How Technology Learned to Include Everyone
• Middle East’s Tech Industry — The Middle East’s Tech Industry: Oil Money, Startups, and the Vision 2030 Bet
• MINIX — Andrew Tanenbaum and MINIX · also in Linus Torvalds and Linux
• Misinformation — Disinformation and Misinformation
• Missed Electronic Age — Helmut Schreyer: The Missed Electronic Age
• Missing Cryptoqueen — Ruja Ignatova: The Missing Cryptoqueen
• Mistral — Mistral
• MMS — Dead End: MMS, the Picture Message with a Toll Booth
• Mobile Computing Revolution — The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• Model Checking — Formal Methods and Model Checking
• Modern AI — Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI · also in Germany’s Computing Pioneers
• Modern JVM Development — Kotlin and Modern JVM Development
• Monte Carlo Methods — Monte Carlo Methods
• Moore’s Law — Gordon Moore and Moore’s Law · also in Moore’s Law: What It Actually Said, The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World, The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon, From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age
• Mosaic — Mosaic: The Browser That Made the Web Mainstream · also in Marc Andreessen and Netscape, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, The IPO That Started a Bubble: Netscape, August 1995
• Motorola — Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It · also in Dead End: General Magic, The Patent Wars
• Mozilla — Mitchell Baker and Mozilla · also in Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, Brendan Eich and JavaScript, The Browser Extension Ecosystem, The Open Source Revolution, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door
• Mr. High Assurance — Paul Karger: Mr. High Assurance
• Multics Story — The Multics Story
• Music Creation — Computing and Music Creation
• Myths — Myths and Misconceptions in the History of Computing · also in Outlaws and Provocateurs, Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine, Alan Turing and the Enigma, Barcodes and the UPC, Bill Gates and Microsoft, COBOL: The Language That Runs Banking, Charles Babbage: The Visionary Architect, Christopher Strachey: The Programmer Who Made a Computer Write Love Letters, Computer Science Firsts, Computing in Popular Culture, Craig Wright: The Man Who Said He Was Satoshi, DEC and the Minicomputer Era, Deep Blue and Computer Chess, ENIAC and the First Electronic Computers, Email: The Killer App That Predated the Web, Famous Leaks, Fun Fact: Apple Designed a Touchscreen Phone in 1983, Gordon Moore and Moore’s Law, Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code, John Draper: Captain Crunch and the Blue Box, Kim Schmitz (Kim Dotcom), Linus Torvalds and Linux, Niklaus Wirth and Pascal, Nolan Bushnell and Atari, Paul Baran and Packet Switching: The Network That Was Never Built, … and 23 more

N

• Napster — Napster and the P2P Music Revolution · also in The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution, The Digital Music Revolution, Computing and Music Creation
• Natural Language Processing Revolution — The Natural Language Processing Revolution
• Net Neutrality Battles — The Net Neutrality Battles
• Netflix — Reed Hastings and Netflix · also in The Streaming Wars, The Microservices Revolution, Recommendation Systems, Dead End: HD-DVD
• Netherlands’ Tech Industry — The Netherlands’ Tech Industry: Philips, ASML, and the Chokepoint
• Netscape — Marc Andreessen and Netscape · also in Mitchell Baker and Mozilla, The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door, The IPO That Started a Bubble: Netscape, August 1995, HTTPS Was Invented by Netscape, Mocha, LiveScript, JavaScript: The Name That Confused a Generation, Mosaic: The Browser That Made the Web Mainstream, Brendan Eich and JavaScript, Ten Days in May: How JavaScript Was Built Under Deadline, The AOL Era, The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash, The Open Source Revolution, The JavaScript Revolution, Dave Winer and RSS, Bill Gates and Microsoft
• Network Architect — Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect
• Networking Hardware Story — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• Neural Networks — John Hopfield and Neural Networks · also in Computing and Music Creation, Frank Rosenblatt: The Forgotten Pioneer of Neural Networks, Kathleen Booth and the First Assembler
• Nintendo — Nintendo: A Century of Play · also in The History of the Video Game Industry, The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming, Sega: The Console War It Lost and the Games It Won, No Light: The Game Boy’s Design Choice That Sold Accessories, Alexey Pajitnov and Tetris, Sony: From Rice Cooker to PlayStation, Dead End: Silicon Graphics, Dead End: The Apple Pippin, The History of Virtual Reality
• Nokia — Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company · also in The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, Dead End: Symbian, The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Motorola: The Company That Built the Cell Phone and Then Lost It, The Nordic Computer Societies
• Nordic Computer Societies — The Nordic Computer Societies
• Nordic Tech Industry — The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North
• Numerical Computing — Scientific and Numerical Computing
• Nvidia — Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI · also in The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, AMD and the x86 Underdog, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service

O

• Online Censorship — Online Censorship and Internet Freedom
• OOP Revolution — The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down
• Open Hardware Movement — The Open Hardware Movement: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the Democratization of Making
• Open Letter to Hobbyists — The Open Letter to Hobbyists: The Day Software Became Property
• Open Source Business Model — The Open Source Business Model
• Open Source Movement — The Open Source Movement
• Open Source Revolution — The Open Source Revolution
• Open Standards Process — The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself
• OpenAI — Sam Altman and OpenAI · also in Ilya Sutskever and the GPT Series, Anthropic and Claude, Andrej Karpathy and Modern AI, Jony Ive and Apple Design, Satya Nadella and Microsoft’s Transformation, The Natural Language Processing Revolution, The LLM Race (2022–), Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution, Reinforcement Learning, Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation, The Generative AI Revolution
• Operating System Concepts — Operating System Concepts: Kernels, Processes, and Scheduling
• Oracle — Larry Ellison and Oracle · also in The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud, Dead End: Sun Microsystems, Marc Benioff and Salesforce, The Database Revolution: From Filing Cabinets to the Relational Model, James Gosling and Java, The Rise of SaaS, Edgar Codd and the Relational Model, The JVM and Java Ecosystem, The Open Source Business Model
• Oral Histories — Interviews and Oral Histories
• Original Online Community — Usenet: The Original Online Community
• Orkut — Dead End: Orkut
• OS/2 — Dead End: OS/2 · also in The Personal Computing Explosion, The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World, Dave Cutler and Windows NT, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App
• Other Half of Microsoft — Paul Allen: The Other Half of Microsoft
• Other Sun Founder — Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
• Outlaws — Outlaws and Provocateurs

P

• P vs. NP — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• Pac-Man — Toru Iwatani and Pac-Man
• Packet Switching — Paul Baran and Packet Switching: The Network That Was Never Built · also in ARPANET: Building the Network That Became the Internet, The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• Palm — Dead End: Palm and the PDA · also in The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Dead End: BeOS, Dead End: Apple Newton
• Parallelism — Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem · also in The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need”
• Patent Wars — The Patent Wars
• PC Gaming Revolution — The PC Gaming Revolution
• Peiter “Mudge” Zatko — Peiter “Mudge” Zatko: The Hacker Who Warned Washington
• Personal Computing Explosion — The Personal Computing Explosion
• Philosophy of Programming Languages — The Philosophy of Programming Languages
• Physical Internet — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• Pirate Bay — Peter Sunde and The Pirate Bay · also in The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution
• Pixar — Pixar and Computer Animation · also in The CGI Revolution, Steve Jobs and Apple, Dead End: BeOS, TRON Was Disqualified from the Academy Awards for “Cheating”
• Platform — The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax · also in The Gig Economy and Technology, The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle, The Rise of the Tech Giants, Dead End: Microsoft’s Mobile Failures, The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming, The IDE Wars, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet, ChromeOS and the Browser-as-OS: Google’s Bet on the Web, Content Moderation, Dan Bricklin and VisiCalc: The Killer App, Dave Winer and RSS, Dead End: Flash & The Plugin Web, Dead End: The Apple Pippin, Dead End: Vine, Game Engines: The Engine as a Platform, Google: From Dorm Room to Digital Infrastructure, Internet Law and Section 230, John Warnock and PostScript, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, Marc Andreessen and Netscape, Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth, The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects, The JVM and Java Ecosystem, The PC Gaming Revolution, … and 2 more
• Platform Antitrust Story — The Platform Antitrust Story
• Podcast Revolution — The Podcast Revolution
• Polish Cryptologists Who Broke Enigma — The Polish Cryptologists Who Broke Enigma
• Port for Almost Everything — USB: The Port for Almost Everything
• Postgres — Michael Stonebraker and Postgres
• PostScript — John Warnock and PostScript · also in The Desktop Publishing Revolution, Adobe: The Creative Software Empire
• Privacy for the People — Phil Zimmermann and PGP: Privacy for the People
• Privacy War — The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention
• Project Cybersyn — Project Cybersyn: Chile’s Cybernetic Dream
• Prolog — Prolog and Logic Programming: When AI Spoke in Clauses · also in Expert Systems and the First AI Winter, Asian Computer Science Academia
• Protocol Wars — Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars · also in The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web
• Proving Cryptography Works — Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali: Proving Cryptography Works
• Provocateurs — Outlaws and Provocateurs
• Public Domain — Shareware and Public Domain: Software Distribution Before the Internet · also in Aaron Swartz: The Internet’s Own Boy, Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
• Public Intellectual of Security — Bruce Schneier: The Public Intellectual of Security
• Public Key Cryptography — Public Key Cryptography: The Mathematics That Secured the Internet
• Pure Functional Programming — Haskell and Pure Functional Programming
• Python — Guido van Rossum and Python · also in Python and the Flying Circus: How a Comedy Show Named a Programming Language, The Netherlands’ Tech Industry: Philips, ASML, and the Chokepoint, The Philosophy of Programming Languages, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction, Spam: Named After a Monty Python Sketch, Dennis Ritchie and the C Language, More COBOL Than Python: The Language That Refuses to Die, Larry Wall and Perl, Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming, Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover, Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Locks, and the Hard Problem, Fun Facts from the History of Computer Science, The History of Sorting

Q

• Qualcomm — Qualcomm: The Invisible Tax on Every Phone · also in The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, The Patent Wars
• Quantum Computing — Quantum Computing
• Queen of Code — Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code
• Query Language That Outlived Everything — SQL: The Query Language That Outlived Everything

R

• Rails — Ruby and Rails · also in Christmas Day, 1994: The Birth of Ruby
• Randomness in Algorithms — Randomness in Algorithms
• Ransomware Epidemic — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• Recommendation Systems — Recommendation Systems
• Recruiting by Puzzle — Recruiting by Puzzle
• Reinforcement Learning — Reinforcement Learning
• Remote Work Revolution — The Remote Work Revolution
• RISC vs. CISC — RISC vs. CISC
• Rise of Artificial Intelligence — The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution
• Rise of Developer Communities — The Rise of Developer Communities
• Rise of Functional Programming — The Rise of Functional Programming
• Rise of High-Level Languages — The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
• Rise of SaaS — The Rise of SaaS
• Rise of the Tech Giants — The Rise of the Tech Giants
• Rise of Version Control — The Rise of Version Control: From SCCS to Git and GitHub
• Robotics — Robotics
• Russian Computing — Soviet and Russian Computing: Parallel History, Divergent Fate
• Russian Internet — Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet

S

• SADIO — SADIO: Argentina’s Computing Society
• Salesforce — Marc Benioff and Salesforce · also in The API Economy, The Rise of SaaS, SAP: The Enterprise Software Giant Europe Built
• Samsung — Samsung: From Dried Fish to the World’s Memory · also in South Korea’s Tech Industry: Chaebol, DRAM, and the Miracle on the Han River, The Patent Wars, Morris Chang and TSMC: The Man Who Made Chips a Service, Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE), Taiwan’s Tech Ecosystem: OEM, ODM, and the Smiling Curve
• SAT Solvers — SAT Solvers
• Satellite Navigation — GPS and Satellite Navigation
• Sci-Hub — Alexandra Elbakyan and Sci-Hub
• Search Engine Wars — The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• Second Life — Dead End: Second Life · also in @ : The Symbol That Connected the World
• Secret Science — Cryptography: The Secret Science
• Section 230 — Internet Law and Section 230
• Secure by Design — Secure by Design: A History of Software Security Engineering
• Selling Everything to Everyone — The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone
• Semantic Web — Dead End: The Semantic Web · also in Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
• Semiconductor Race — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• Shakey the Robot — A* and Shakey the Robot
• Shareware — Shareware and Public Domain: Software Distribution Before the Internet · also in Doom’s Piracy Strategy: Copying Was the Marketing Plan
• Shrinking the World — The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World
• Silicon Graphics — Dead End: Silicon Graphics · also in Dead End: VRML & The First Metaverse
• Silicon Valley — Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth · also in Hewlett-Packard, India’s IT Industry, Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia, Robert Noyce and Fairchild Semiconductor, Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry, Bob Widlar and Analog Integrated Circuits, Southeast Asia’s Tech Industry: Grab, Gojek, and the Super-App Archipelago, Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach, Cisco: The Company That Routed the Internet, Steve Jobs and Apple, Tech Labor Movements, George Hotz: geohot, the iPhone, and the PlayStation War, Jensen Huang and Nvidia: From Graphics to the Engine of AI, Jack Kilby and the Integrated Circuit
• Simula — Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That · also in Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming, The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down, Bjarne Stroustrup and C++
• Singapore Computer Society (SCS) — Singapore Computer Society (SCS)
• Sketchpad — Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
• Smalltalk — Alan Kay and Smalltalk · also in Adele Goldberg and Smalltalk, The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down, Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard: The Inventors of Object-Oriented Programming, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
• Social Media Revolution — The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC) — Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC)
• Software Crisis — The Software Crisis: How a 1968 Conference Named Computing’s Permanent Problem
• Software Testing — Software Testing and QA: The Discipline of Finding Bugs Before Users Do
• Software-Defined Industry — Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry
• South Korea’s Tech Industry — South Korea’s Tech Industry: Chaebol, DRAM, and the Miracle on the Han River
• Southeast Asia’s Tech Industry — Southeast Asia’s Tech Industry: Grab, Gojek, and the Super-App Archipelago
• Soviet Internet That Never Was — OGAS: The Soviet Internet That Never Was
• Speaking to the Machine — The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine
• Speech Recognition — Speech Recognition
• Spreadsheet Revolution — The Spreadsheet Revolution
• Stable Diffusion — Stable Diffusion and AI Image Generation
• Storage Revolution — The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon
• Story of Mel — The Story of Mel
• Streaming Wars — The Streaming Wars
• String Matching — String Matching
• Structured Programming — Edsger Dijkstra and Structured Programming · also in AICA: Italy’s Computing Society, Niklaus Wirth and Pascal, The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• Sun Microsystems — Dead End: Sun Microsystems · also in Andy Bechtolsheim and Sun, Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
• Supercomputer Era — The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• Supercomputing — Seymour Cray and Supercomputing
• Surveillance Capitalism — Surveillance Capitalism: The Business Model That Monetized Human Behavior
• Swift — Swift and the Post-Objective-C Era · also in LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin, Simula: The Language That Invented Objects Before Anyone Called Them That, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Tony Hoare and the Science of Programming, Haskell and Pure Functional Programming
• Switzerland’s Tech Industry — Switzerland’s Tech Industry: Neutrality, Precision, and the Birthplace of the Web
• Symbian — Dead End: Symbian · also in Nokia: The Mobile Empire That Couldn’t Become a Software Company, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, The Rise of the App Store: Platform, Power, and the 30-Percent Tax

T

• Taiwan’s Tech Ecosystem — Taiwan’s Tech Ecosystem: OEM, ODM, and the Smiling Curve
• Teaching the Machine — Computer Science Education: Teaching the Machine
• Tech Labor Movements — Tech Labor Movements
• Tencent — Tencent: WeChat, Gaming, and the Super-App Model · also in China’s Tech Industry: From Follower to Frontier, IITPSA: South Africa’s IT Professional Society
• Tetris — Alexey Pajitnov and Tetris
• The 414s — The 414s: The Teenagers Who Made Congress Notice Hacking
• The Accidental Empire — Larry Page and Sergey Brin: The Accidental Empire · also in Jeff Bezos and Amazon
• The Adult Supervision — Mike Markkula: The Adult Supervision
• The Agile Revolution — The Agile Revolution: From Waterfall to Manifesto to Industry
• The Altair 8800 — The Altair 8800: The Spark That Started the Microcomputer Revolution
• The Amiga — Dead End: The Amiga · also in The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form
• The Antivirus Industry — The Antivirus Industry
• The AOL Era — The AOL Era
• The API Economy — The API Economy
• The Apple Pippin — Dead End: The Apple Pippin
• The ARM Architecture — The ARM Architecture: The Chip That Runs the World
• The Atari ST — The Atari ST
• The Attention Economy — The Attention Economy · also in The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention, The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• The Autonomous Vehicle Race — The Autonomous Vehicle Race: The Longest Last Mile in Technological History
• The BBS Era — The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• The Big Data Revolution — The Big Data Revolution
• The Browser Extension Ecosystem — The Browser Extension Ecosystem
• The Browser Wars — The Browser Wars: The Fight for the Web’s Front Door · also in The JavaScript Revolution
• The BSD Family — The BSD Family: The Open-Source Unix That Survived a Lawsuit
• The Busy Beaver Problem — The Busy Beaver Problem
• The CGI Revolution — The CGI Revolution
• The Chomsky Hierarchy — The Chomsky Hierarchy: Grammar, Languages, and the Spine of Every Parser
• The Cloud Computing Era — The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• The Cloud Wars — The Cloud Wars: AWS, Azure, GCP, and the Infrastructure Battle
• The Cloud-Native Language — Go: The Cloud-Native Language
• The Compiler — The Compiler: Translating Human Intent into Machine Code · also in Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, Dead End: Intel Itanium, Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming, Rust: The Language That Solved C’s Fifty-Year-Old Problem, The Compiler Nobody Believed Would Work, The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave
• The Computer Societies Movement — The Computer Societies Movement
• The Connected World — The Connected World: From Packet Switching to the Global Web
• The Console Wars — The Console Wars: How Hardware Battles Shaped Gaming · also in The History of the Video Game Industry
• The Container Revolution — The Container Revolution · also in The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• The Creative Software Empire — Adobe: The Creative Software Empire
• The Creator Economy — The Creator Economy
• The Cryptocurrency Revolution — The Cryptocurrency Revolution
• The Database Revolution — The Database Revolution: From Filing Cabinets to the Relational Model
• The Database Wars — The Database Wars: Oracle, Open Source, and the Cloud · also in SQL Was Called SEQUEL Until an Aircraft Manufacturer Objected
• The Demoscene — The Demoscene: Coding as an Art Form
• The Desktop Publishing Revolution — The Desktop Publishing Revolution
• The DevOps Revolution — The DevOps Revolution: Tearing Down the Wall Between Development and Operations
• The Digital Divide — The Digital Divide: Who Gets Computing and Who Doesn’t
• The Digital Music Revolution — The Digital Music Revolution
• The Digital Rights Movement — The Digital Rights Movement
• The Domain Name System — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book
• The Dominant Mobile OS — Android: The Dominant Mobile OS
• The Dot-com Bubble — The Dot-com Bubble: Irrational Exuberance and the First Internet Crash
• The E-Commerce Revolution — The E-Commerce Revolution: Selling Everything to Everyone
• The Embedded Systems Story — The Embedded Systems Story: From ROM Firmware to Safety-Critical Software
• The Engineer’s Apple — Steve Wozniak: The Engineer’s Apple
• The Evolution of Language — The Evolution of Language: From Machine Code to Modern Abstraction
• The First Graphical Interface — Ivan Sutherland and Sketchpad: The First Graphical Interface
• The First Stored-Program Computer — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
• The First Wave — The Rise of High-Level Languages: The First Wave · also in The Creator Economy
• The Forgotten Inventor — Gustav Tauschek: The Forgotten Inventor
• The Generative AI Revolution — The Generative AI Revolution
• The Geopolitics of Silicon — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• The Gig Economy — The Gig Economy and Technology · also in Tech Labor Movements
• The Globalization of Software — The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”
• The GPU Revolution — The GPU Revolution: From Pixels to Intelligence
• The Hacker Culture — The Hacker Culture: Curiosity as a Way of Life
• The Hardest Easy Question — P vs. NP and Complexity Theory: The Hardest Easy Question
• The Hidden Codebreaker — Elizebeth Smith Friedman: The Hidden Codebreaker
• The History of Cyberwar — The History of Cyberwar: When Code Became a Weapon
• The History of Displays — The History of Displays
• The History of Hacking — The History of Hacking: From Exploration to Geopolitics
• The History of Parsing — The History of Parsing: From BNF to ANTLR
• The History of Passwords — The History of Passwords and Authentication
• The History of Sorting — The History of Sorting
• The History of Spam — The History of Spam
• The History of Wi-Fi — The History of Wi-Fi
• The IBM Mainframe Era — The IBM Mainframe Era: The Computer That Ran the World
• The IBM PC — The IBM PC: The Open Architecture That Standardized Computing · also in 4.77 MHz: The IBM PC Ran on a Television Crystal, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, The Microprocessor Revolution, The Personal Computing Explosion
• The IDE Wars — The IDE Wars
• The Idea Factory — Bell Labs: The Idea Factory
• The Industrialization of Cybercrime — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• The Integrated Circuit Revolution — The Integrated Circuit Revolution: Shrinking the World
• The Intel iAPX 432 — Dead End: The Intel iAPX 432
• The Internet’s Own Boy — Aaron Swartz: The Internet’s Own Boy
• The Internet’s Phone Book — The Domain Name System: The Internet’s Phone Book
• The Invisible Pioneers — Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers
• The Invisible War — Cybersecurity: The Invisible War
• The IoT Revolution — The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects
• The JavaScript Revolution — The JavaScript Revolution
• The JVM — The JVM and Java Ecosystem · also in James Gosling and Java
• The KGB Hack — The KGB Hack: Karl Koch, Markus Hess, and the Cuckoo’s Egg
• The Linker — The Linker and Loader Story: The Invisible Tool That Assembles Programs
• The Lisp Machine Era — The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization
• The LLM Race (2022–) — The LLM Race (2022–)
• The Low-Level Layer — Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer
• The Mac Clones — Dead End: The Mac Clones
• The macOS Lineage — The macOS Lineage: From NeXTSTEP to Darwin
• The Manchester Baby — The Manchester Baby: The First Stored-Program Computer
• The Microprocessor Revolution — The Microprocessor Revolution · also in The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization
• The Microservices Revolution — The Microservices Revolution
• The Missed Electronic Age — Helmut Schreyer: The Missed Electronic Age
• The Missing Cryptoqueen — Ruja Ignatova: The Missing Cryptoqueen
• The Mobile Computing Revolution — The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket
• The Multics Story — The Multics Story
• The Net Neutrality Battles — The Net Neutrality Battles
• The Netherlands’ Tech Industry — The Netherlands’ Tech Industry: Philips, ASML, and the Chokepoint
• The Network Architect — Larry Roberts and ARPANET: The Network Architect
• The Networking Hardware Story — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• The Nordic Computer Societies — The Nordic Computer Societies
• The Nordic Tech Industry — The Nordic Tech Industry: Nokia, Linux, Spotify, and the Open Source North
• The OOP Revolution — The OOP Revolution: Objects All the Way Down
• The Open Hardware Movement — The Open Hardware Movement: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the Democratization of Making
• The Open Source Movement — The Open Source Movement
• The Open Source Revolution — The Open Source Revolution
• The Open Standards Process — The Open Standards Process: How the Internet Governs Itself
• The Original Online Community — Usenet: The Original Online Community
• The Other Sun Founder — Bill Joy: The Other Sun Founder
• The Patent Wars — The Patent Wars
• The PC Gaming Revolution — The PC Gaming Revolution
• The Personal Computing Explosion — The Personal Computing Explosion
• The Physical Internet — The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet
• The Platform Antitrust Story — The Platform Antitrust Story
• The Podcast Revolution — The Podcast Revolution
• The Privacy War — The Privacy War: Surveillance, Data, and the Architecture of Attention
• The Protocol Wars — Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars
• The Queen of Code — Grace Hopper: The Queen of Code
• The Ransomware Epidemic — The Ransomware Epidemic: The Industrialization of Cybercrime
• The Remote Work Revolution — The Remote Work Revolution
• The Rise of SaaS — The Rise of SaaS
• The Russian Internet — Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet
• The Search Engine Wars — The Search Engine Wars: Finding the Web
• The Secret Science — Cryptography: The Secret Science
• The Semantic Web — Dead End: The Semantic Web · also in Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
• The Semiconductor Race — The Semiconductor Race: The Geopolitics of Silicon
• The Social Media Revolution — The Social Media Revolution: Connection, Addiction, and the Fragmentation of Public Space
• The Software Crisis — The Software Crisis: How a 1968 Conference Named Computing’s Permanent Problem
• The Spreadsheet Revolution — The Spreadsheet Revolution
• The Storage Revolution — The Storage Revolution: From Magnetic Tape to Silicon
• The Story of Mel — The Story of Mel
• The Streaming Wars — The Streaming Wars
• The Supercomputer Era — The Supercomputer Era: The Fastest Machines on Earth
• The Thinking Machines — Newell and Simon: The Thinking Machines
• The Transformer — The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need” · also in The Natural Language Processing Revolution, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution
• The Transistor — The Transistor: The Invention That Made Everything Else Possible · also in Bell Labs: The Idea Factory, From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age
• The Trillion Dollar Coach — Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach
• The UK Computing Industry — The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
• The Unix Story — The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World
• The Vectrex — Dead End: The Vectrex
• The Virtualization Revolution — The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds
• The Visionary Architect — Charles Babbage: The Visionary Architect
• The Voice Assistant Revolution — The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine
• The Von Neumann Architecture — The Von Neumann Architecture
• The Vulnerability Disclosure Debate — The Vulnerability Disclosure Debate: Full Disclosure, Responsible Disclosure, and the Bug Bounty Economy
• The Warez — The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution · also in The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• The Web’s Workhorse — PHP: The Web’s Workhorse
• The Windows Story — The Windows Story
• The Xerox PARC Revolution — The Xerox PARC Revolution
• The Y2K Crisis — The Y2K Crisis
• TikTok — ByteDance and TikTok: The Algorithm That Reorganized Attention · also in Dead End: Vine, The Creator Economy
• Time-Sharing — Fernando Corbató and Time-Sharing · also in The Multics Story, John McCarthy and LISP
• Token Ring — Dead End: Token Ring · also in Early Networking Failures: The Protocol Wars, The Networking Hardware Story: The Physical Internet, Bob Metcalfe and Ethernet
• Transformer — The Transformer: “Attention Is All You Need” · also in John Hopfield and Neural Networks, Schmidhuber, Hochreiter, and LSTM, The Natural Language Processing Revolution, Yoshua Bengio and the Montreal School, Canada’s AI Cluster: How Three Universities Produced the Deep Learning Revolution, Machine Translation, Elon Musk and Software-Defined Industry, The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: Dreams, Winters, and the Deep Learning Revolution, Hans Uszkoreit and German Language Technology
• Transistor — The Transistor: The Invention That Made Everything Else Possible · also in Bell Labs: The Idea Factory, December 16, 1947: The Invention That Changed Everything, From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors: The Dawn of the Semiconductor Age
• Trillion Dollar Coach — Bill Campbell: The Trillion Dollar Coach
• Type Systems — Type Systems: From Bug Catcher to Theorem Prover

U

• UK Computing Industry — The UK Computing Industry: From Bletchley to DeepMind
• Ukraine’s Developer Ecosystem — Ukraine’s Developer Ecosystem: From Outsourcing Hub to Wartime Resilience
• UML — UML and the Three Amigos
• Unicode — Unicode and UTF-8: The Long Road to a Universal Character Set · also in The Globalization of Software: i18n, L10n, and the Hidden Complexity of “Hello, World”, The Original Emoji Are in the Museum of Modern Art
• Unix Pipes — Doug McIlroy and Unix Pipes
• Unix Story — The Unix Story: The Operating System That Ate the World
• Usenet — Usenet: The Original Online Community · also in Spam: Named After a Monty Python Sketch, Linus Torvalds and Linux, The Mobile Computing Revolution: The Computer in the Pocket, The Story of Mel
• UTF-8 — Unicode and UTF-8: The Long Road to a Universal Character Set · also in Ken Thompson and Unix, Rob Pike: From Unix to Go

V

• Vectrex — Dead End: The Vectrex
• Venture Capital — Venture Capital and Silicon Valley: The Money That Made the Industry · also in Australia’s Tech Industry: Atlassian, WiFi, and the Tyranny of Distance, Peter Thiel and the PayPal Mafia, Silicon Valley: How a Place Became a Myth
• Vine — Dead End: Vine
• Virtualization Revolution — The Virtualization Revolution: One Machine, Many Worlds
• VisiCalc — Dan Bricklin and VisiCalc: The Killer App · also in The Spreadsheet Revolution, Lotus 1-2-3: The IBM PC’s Killer App, The Personal Computing Explosion
• Visionary Architect — Charles Babbage: The Visionary Architect
• Voice Assistant Revolution — The Voice Assistant Revolution: Speaking to the Machine
• Volunteer Computing — Volunteer Computing
• Von Neumann Architecture — The Von Neumann Architecture
• VRML — Dead End: VRML & The First Metaverse
• Vulnerability Disclosure Debate — The Vulnerability Disclosure Debate: Full Disclosure, Responsible Disclosure, and the Bug Bounty Economy

W

• Wang Labs — Dead End: Wang Labs
• WAP — Dead End: WAP and the Mobile Web · also in Cellular Networks: From 1G to 5G
• Warez — The Warez and Filesharing Era: Copying as Rebellion, Industry, and Revolution · also in Copyright and IP in the Digital Age, The BBS Era: Bulletin Boards and the First Online Culture
• Web’s Workhorse — PHP: The Web’s Workhorse
• Web3 — Dead End: Web3 and NFTs · also in Usenet: The Original Online Community
• WebAssembly — WebAssembly · also in Assembly, Machine Code, and Bytecode: The Low-Level Layer, LLVM: The Compiler Infrastructure That Conquered Programming
• When Everything Connects — The IoT Revolution: When Everything Connects
• When the Server Disappeared — The Cloud Computing Era: When the Server Disappeared
• Wikipedia — Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia · also in Ward Cunningham and the Wiki: The Simplest Thing That Could Possibly Work, Digital Maps and GIS, Dead End: The Semantic Web
• Windows NT — Dave Cutler and Windows NT
• Windows Story — The Windows Story
• Women in Computing — Women in Computing: The Invisible Pioneers
• WordPerfect — Dead End: WordPerfect · also in Dead End: Wang Labs

X

• Xerox PARC — Butler Lampson and Xerox PARC · also in Douglas Engelbart and the Mother of All Demos, The History of Desktop Environments, Alan Kay and Smalltalk, Steve Jobs and Apple, The Xerox PARC Revolution, Lynn Conway and the VLSI Revolution, The $16,595 Future: The Xerox Star, The Lisp Machine Era: The Rise and Fall of AI Specialization, Human-Computer Interaction: From Terminals to Touch, Bob Metcalfe and Ethernet
• Xerox PARC Revolution — The Xerox PARC Revolution

Y

• Y2K Crisis — The Y2K Crisis
• Yahoo! — Dead End: Yahoo!
• Yandex — Arkady Volozh and Yandex: The Russian Internet · also in Soviet and Russian Computing: Parallel History, Divergent Fate